# 07 Bibliography

> Fire Service Safety Management System, version 0.3.3 (2026-10-25). The Human Factor. Document FSSMS-FND-07.
>
> Canonical: https://thehumanfactor.ca/library/fire-service-safety/bibliography
>
> Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 with the Adopting Agency Grant (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
>
> General information only, not legal, medical or other professional advice. Verify every requirement against the current official text of the law, standards and manufacturer instructions that apply to you. Obtain your own legal review and consult your joint health and safety committee before adopting anything. You adopt, adapt, implement and rely on this material entirely at your own risk and on your own responsibility. Full terms: Terms of Use, thehumanfactor.ca.

## How to use this bibliography

This is the book’s reference list: one canonical entry for every source cited anywhere in the book. Each note’s References section copies its entries from here word for word, and lists every source that note cites and nothing else.

**How sources are cited in the text.** The book uses three citation forms.

- **Standards** are cited by designation and edition, because a reader looks a standard up by its number and one body publishes many standards in the same year: (NFPA 1550, 2024, ch. 8), (CSA Z94.4-18, cl. 9), (ISO 45001:2018, cl. 6.1). CSA and ISO designations carry their edition in the number, so no separate year follows them. The accreditation manual is cited as (CPSE, 2019, criterion 11A.6). In this list, standards sit under the issuing body, in order of number, and the designation leads each title. Where a standard consolidated older ones, its entry names them, so a reader can trace a former number found in an older department document.
- **Legislation** is cited by short title, the jurisdiction code in square brackets, the year and the section: (Criminal Code \[CA\], 1985, s. 217.1), (Occupational Health and Safety Regulation \[BC\], 2026, s. 31.23). For an Act, the year is the one printed in its official citation (R.S.C. 1985, S.N.S. 1996). For a regulation, code or order, and for an Act whose citation carries no year (Quebec’s CQLR, Manitoba’s C.C.S.M.), the year is that of the consolidation consulted. The codes are CA (federal), BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS, PE, NL, YT, NT and NU. Each entry gives the short title, the official citation, the jurisdiction, the consolidation date and the official URL. Provincial and territorial legislation is cited only on the jurisdiction pages of Part 10; elsewhere the book states those duties generically and links to the Part 10 topic page. Federal legislation may be cited anywhere.
- **Everything else** is cited in APA 7 author-date form: (Edmondson, 1999), (NIOSH, 2007). Where an organization is cited by an abbreviation, its entry gives the abbreviation in square brackets after the full name, so the two can be matched. Where one author has several works in a year, letters follow the year in the order of their titles (2026a, 2026b); undated works take n.d.-a, n.d.-b.

**Locators.** Cite the most specific part relied on: ch. 8 or s. 10.8 for NFPA; cl. 9.2 for CSA and ISO; criterion or performance indicator 11A.6 for CPSE; s., ss., Part or Sch. for legislation; p. or pp. for paginated works.

**Edition statements are not citations.** A former standard named with its last edition, such as NFPA 1581 (2022 edition), records history. It needs no entry of its own, because the entry for the consolidating standard names it.

**What is listed.** Every source the book cites, and the statutes and regulations of each province and territory that the Part 10 jurisdiction pages rely on. Amending instruments are not listed separately: cite the consolidated instrument and name the amendment in the text. The exception is an amendment not yet in force, which has no consolidation to cite; it keeps its own entry until it is consolidated. Secondary summaries (trade press, vendor catalogue pages) appear only where they were the source actually consulted for a fact. Unpublished material of The Human Factor has its own subsection, so a reader can see which statements rest on it.

## 1. Standards

### 1.1 NFPA

National Fire Protection Association. (2023). *NFPA 2, Hydrogen technologies code*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-2-standard-development/2>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 10, Standard for portable fire extinguishers*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-10-standard-development/10>

National Fire Protection Association. (2023). *NFPA 25, Standard for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of water-based fire protection systems*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-25-standard-development/25>

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 72, National fire alarm and signaling code*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-72-standard-development/72>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 96, Standard for ventilation control and fire protection of commercial cooking operations*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-96-standard-development/96>

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 110, Standard for emergency and standby power systems*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-110-standard-development/110>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 440, Guide for aircraft rescue and fire-fighting operations and airport/community emergency planning* (consolidates NFPA 402 and 424). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-440-standard-development/440>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 460, Standard for aircraft rescue and firefighting services at airports* (consolidates NFPA 403, 405 and 412). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-460-standard-development/460>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 470, Hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction (WMD) standard for responders* (consolidates NFPA 472, 473 and 1072). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-470-standard-development/470>

National Fire Protection Association. (2026). *NFPA 855, Standard for the installation of stationary energy storage systems*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-855-standard-development/855>

National Fire Protection Association. (2021). *NFPA 1006, Standard for technical rescue personnel professional qualifications*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1006-standard-development/1006>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1010, Standard on professional qualifications for firefighters* (consolidates NFPA 1001, 1002, 1003 and 1005). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1010-standard-development/1010>

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 1020, Standard for fire and emergency services instructor, fire officer, and EMS officer professional qualifications* (consolidates NFPA 1021 and 1041). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1020-standard-development/1020>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1030, Standard for professional qualifications for fire prevention program positions* (consolidates NFPA 1031, 1033, 1035 and 1037). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1030-standard-development/1030>

National Fire Protection Association. (2019). *NFPA 1041, Standard for fire and emergency services instructor professional qualifications* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1020). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1041-standard-development/1041>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1091, Standard for traffic incident management personnel professional qualifications*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1091-standard-development/1091>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 1140, Standard for wildland fire protection* (consolidates NFPA 1051, 1141, 1143 and 1144). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1140-standard-development/1140>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 1225, Standard for emergency services communications* (consolidates NFPA 1061 and 1221). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1225-standard-development/1225>

National Fire Protection Association. (2026). *NFPA 1400, Standard on fire service training* (consolidates NFPA 1402, 1403, 1404, 1407, 1408, 1410 and 1451). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1400-standard-development/1400>

National Fire Protection Association. (2019). *NFPA 1402, Standard on facilities for fire training and associated props* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1400). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1402-standard-development/1402>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1403, Standard on live fire training evolutions* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1400). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1403-standard-development/1403>

National Fire Protection Association. (2018). *NFPA 1404, Standard for fire service respiratory protection training* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1400). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1404-standard-development/1404>

National Fire Protection Association. (2021). *NFPA 1405, Guide for land-based fire departments that respond to marine vessel fires*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1405-standard-development/1405>

National Fire Protection Association. (2020). *NFPA 1407, Standard for training fire service rapid intervention crews* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1400). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1407-standard-development/1407>

National Fire Protection Association. (2021). *NFPA 1500, Standard on fire department occupational safety, health, and wellness program* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1550). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1500-standard-development/1500>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1550, Standard for emergency responder health and safety* (consolidates NFPA 1500, 1521 and 1561). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1550-standard-development/1550>

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 1580, Standard for emergency responder occupational health and wellness* (consolidates NFPA 1581, 1582, 1583 and 1584). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1580-standard-development/1580>

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 1585, Standard for exposure and contamination control* (first edition). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1585-standard-development/1585>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1660, Standard for emergency, continuity, and crisis management: Preparedness, response, and recovery* (consolidates NFPA 1600, 1616 and 1620). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1660-standard-development/1660>

National Fire Protection Association. (2021). *NFPA 1700, Guide for structural fire fighting*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1700-standard-development/1700>

National Fire Protection Association. (2026). *NFPA 1750, Standard for the organization and deployment of fire suppression operations, emergency medical services, special operations, and fire prevention activities* (consolidates NFPA 1201, 1710, 1720 and 1730). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1750-standard-development/1750>

National Fire Protection Association. (2026). *NFPA 1850, Standard on selection, care, and maintenance of protective ensembles for structural and proximity firefighting and open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)* (consolidates NFPA 1851 and 1852). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1850-standard-development/1850>

National Fire Protection Association. (2026). *NFPA 1857, Standard on selection, care, and maintenance of protective ensembles for technical rescue incidents and wildland firefighting* (consolidates NFPA 1855 and 1877). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1857-standard-development/1857>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 1877, Standard on selection, care, and maintenance of wildland firefighting protective clothing and equipment* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1857). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1877-standard-development/1877>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 1891, Standard on selection, care, and maintenance of hazardous materials, CBRN, and emergency medical operations clothing and equipment* (first edition). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1891-standard-development/1891>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1900, Standard for aircraft rescue and firefighting vehicles, automotive fire apparatus, wildland fire apparatus, and automotive ambulances* (consolidates NFPA 414, 1901, 1906 and 1917). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1900-standard-development/1900>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1910, Standard for the inspection, maintenance, refurbishment, testing, and retirement of in-service emergency vehicles and marine firefighting vessels* (consolidates NFPA 1071, 1911, 1912 and 1925). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1910-standard-development/1910>

National Fire Protection Association. (2018). *NFPA 1925, Standard on marine fire-fighting vessels* (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1910). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1925-standard-development/1925>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 1930, Standard on fire and emergency service use of thermal imagers, two-way portable RF voice communication devices, ground ladders, rescue tools, fire hose, and fire hose appliances* (consolidates NFPA 1931, 1932, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1965, among others). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1930-standard-development/1930>

National Fire Protection Association. (2020). *NFPA 1936, Standard on powered rescue tools*.

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 1950, Standard on personal protective equipment for technical rescue incidents, emergency medical operations, and wildland and urban interface firefighting* (consolidates NFPA 1951, 1977 and 1999). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1950-standard-development/1950>

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 1955, Standard on personal protective equipment for surface water operations and contaminated water operations* (consolidates NFPA 1952 and 1953). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1955-standard-development/1955>

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). *NFPA 1970, Standard on protective ensembles for structural and proximity firefighting, work apparel, open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) for emergency services, and personal alert safety systems (PASS)* (consolidates NFPA 1971, 1975, 1981 and 1982). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1970-standard-development/1970>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 1984, Standard on respirators for wildland fire-fighting and wildland urban interface operations* (scheduled to consolidate into NFPA 1985). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1984-standard-development/1984>

National Fire Protection Association. (2026). *NFPA 1985, Standard on breathing air quality for emergency services respiratory protection and respirators for wildland firefighting and wildland urban interface operations* (scheduled first edition; consolidates NFPA 1984 and 1989). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1985-standard-development/1985>

National Fire Protection Association. (2023). *NFPA 1986, Standard on respiratory protection equipment for tactical and technical operations*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1986-standard-development/1986>

National Fire Protection Association. (2023). *NFPA 1987, Standard on combination unit respirator systems for tactical and technical operations*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1987-standard-development/1987>

National Fire Protection Association. (2019). *NFPA 1989, Standard on breathing air quality for emergency services respiratory protection* (last standalone edition; scheduled to consolidate into NFPA 1985). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1989-standard-development/1989>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 1990, Standard for protective ensembles for hazardous materials and CBRN operations* (consolidates NFPA 1991, 1992 and 1994). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1990-standard-development/1990>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 2400, Standard for small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) used for public safety operations*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-2400-standard-development/2400>

National Fire Protection Association. (2022). *NFPA 2500, Standard for operations and training for technical search and rescue incidents and life safety rope and equipment for emergency services* (consolidates NFPA 1670, 1858 and 1983). <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-2500-standard-development/2500>

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). *NFPA 3000, Standard for an active shooter/hostile event response (ASHER) program*. <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-3000-standard-development/3000>

### 1.2 CSA Group

CSA Group. (2024). *CSA B139 Series:24, Installation code for oil-burning equipment*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2702055/>

CSA Group. (2025). *CSA B149.1:25, Natural gas and propane installation code* (17th ed.). <https://scc-ccn.ca/standardsdb/standards/4033624>

CSA Group. (2025). *CSA B149.2:25, Propane storage and handling code*. <https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/csa/csab1492025>

CSA Group. (2025). *CSA B339-25, Cylinders, spheres, and tubes for the transportation of dangerous goods* (in force 2025-08-01 under the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, s. 5.10). <https://tc.canada.ca/en/dangerous-goods/csa-b339>

CSA Group. (2025). *CSA B340-25, Selection and use of cylinders, spheres, tubes, and other containers for the transportation of dangerous goods, Class 2*. <https://tc.canada.ca/en/dangerous-goods/csa-b339>

CSA Group. (2024). *CSA C282:24, Emergency electrical power supply for buildings*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2431648/>

CSA Group. (n.d.). *CSA Z62.1 and CSA Z62.3, Chain saws; Chain saw safety*.

CSA Group. (2015). *CSA Z94.1-15 (R2025), Industrial protective headwear: Performance, selection, care, and use* (6th ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/Z94.1-15/>

CSA Group. (2014). *CSA Z94.2-14 (R2024), Hearing protection devices: Performance, selection, care, and use*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2419295/>

CSA Group. (2026). *CSA Z94.3:26, Eye and face protectors* (10th ed.). <https://store.accuristech.com/standards/csa-z94-3-26?product_id=3128720>

CSA Group. (2018). *CAN/CSA-Z94.4-18 (R2023), Selection, use, and care of respirators* (5th ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2426374/>

CSA Group. (2022). *CSA Z96:22, High-visibility safety apparel* (4th ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z96:22/>

CSA Group. (2019). *CSA Z180.1:19, Compressed breathing air and systems* (6th ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z180.1:19/>

CSA Group. (2014). *CSA Z195:14 (R2025), Protective footwear* (7th ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2422713/>

CSA Group. (2017). *CSA Z259.2.2-17 (R2022), Self-retracting devices*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/Z259.2.2-17/>

CSA Group. (2016). *CAN/CSA-Z259.2.3:16 (R2025), Descent devices* (adopts ISO 22159:2007).

CSA Group. (2018). *CSA Z259.10:18 (R2023), Full body harnesses*.

CSA Group. (2017). *CSA Z259.11-17 (R2021), Personal energy absorbers and lanyards*.

CSA Group. (2016). *CSA Z259.12:16 (R2026), Connecting components for personal fall-arrest systems (PFAS)*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/Z259.12-16/>

CSA Group. (2021). *CSA Z259.16:21, Design of active fall-protection systems* (3rd ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z259.16:21/>

CSA Group. (2021). *CSA Z259.17:21, Selection and use of active fall-protection equipment and systems* (2nd ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z259.17:21/>

CSA Group. (2020). *CSA Z275.2:20 (R2025), Occupational safety code for diving operations*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z275.2:20/>

CSA Group. (2002). *CSA Z275.4-02, Competency standard for diving operations* (the edition named in the Alberta OHS Code).

CSA Group. (2022). *CSA Z275.4:22, Competency standard for diving, hyperbaric chamber, and remotely operated vehicle operations*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2429803/>

CSA Group. (2020). *CSA Z316.6:20 (R2025), Sharps injury protection: Requirements and test methods*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z316.6:20/>

CSA Group. (2023). *CSA Z432:23, Safeguarding of machinery*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/worker-and-public-safety/>

CSA Group. (2020). *CSA Z460:20 (R2025), Control of hazardous energy: Lockout and other methods*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2427899/>

CSA Group. (2024). *CSA Z462:24, Workplace electrical safety* (6th ed.; based on NFPA 70E). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2431089/>

CSA Group. (2018). *CSA Z797:18 (R2023), Code of practice for access scaffold*.

CSA Group. (2014). *CAN/CSA-Z1000-14 (R2019), Occupational health and safety management* (withdrawn at the 2024 systematic review; legacy guidance). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CAN-CSA-Z1000-14/>

CSA Group. (2018). *CAN/CSA-Z1001-18 (R2022), Occupational health and safety training*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CAN-CSA-Z1001-18/>

CSA Group. (2012). *CSA Z1002:12 (R2022), Occupational health and safety: Hazard identification and elimination and risk assessment and control*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CAN-CSA-Z1002-12/>

CSA Group. (2013). *CAN/CSA-Z1003-13/BNQ 9700-803/2013 (R2022), Psychological health and safety in the workplace: Prevention, promotion, and guidance to staged implementation* (free to read from CSA Group and the Mental Health Commission of Canada). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CAN-CSA-Z1003-13-BNQ%209700-803-2013/>

CSA Group. (2018). *CSA Z1003.1:18 (R2025), Psychological health and safety in the paramedic service organization*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2704398/>

CSA Group. (2024). *CSA Z1004:24, Workplace ergonomics: A management and implementation standard* (2nd ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/2431175/>

CSA Group. (2021). *CSA Z1005:21 (R2026), Workplace incident investigation*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z1005:21/>

CSA Group. (2021). *CSA Z1005.1:21 (R2026), Implementation guideline for CSA Z1005*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z1005.1:21/>

CSA Group. (2023). *CSA Z1006:23, Management of work in confined spaces* (3rd ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA_Z1006:23/>

CSA Group. (2021). *CSA Z1008:21, Management of impairment in the workplace*. <https://www.techstreet.com/standards/csa-z1008-21?product_id=2221471>

CSA Group. (2022). *CSA Z1009:22, Management of work at heights* (1st ed.). <https://scc-ccn.ca/standardsdb/standards/4031552>

CSA Group. (2018). *CSA Z1010:18 (R2023), Management of work in extreme conditions*. <https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/csa/csaz10102018>

CSA Group. (2020). *CSA Z1011:20 (R2024), Work disability management system*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z1011:20/>

CSA Group. (2022). *CSA Z1011.1:22 (R2026), Work disability management in the paramedic service organization*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z1011.1:22/>

CSA Group. (2024). *CSA Z1210:24, First aid training for the workplace: Curriculum and quality management for training agencies* (2nd ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA_Z1210:24/>

CSA Group. (2024). *CSA Z1220:24, First aid kits for the workplace* (2nd ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/csa_z1220:24/>

CSA Group. (2017). *CSA Z1600:17 (R2022), Emergency and continuity management program* (3rd ed.). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/Z1600-17/>

CSA Group. (2011). *CAN/CGSB/CSA-Z1610-11 (R2021), Protection of first responders from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) events*. <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CAN-CGSB-CSA-Z1610-11/>

CSA Group. (in development). *CSA Z2031, Personal protective equipment ensembles for workers engaged in wildland firefighting* (Standards Council of Canada notice of intent; comment period ended 2026-01-21). <https://scc-ccn.ca/standards/notices-of-intent/csa-group/personal-protective-equipment-ensembles-workers-engaged>

CSA Group. (2019). *CSA Z45001:19 (R2023), Occupational health and safety management systems: Requirements with guidance for use* (adopts ISO 45001:2018 with Canadian deviations). <https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z45001:19/>

CSA Group. (2026). *CSA Z45001:19 (R2023), Amendment 1:2026, Occupational health and safety management systems: Requirements with guidance for use* (adopts ISO 45001:2018/Amd 1:2024, climate action changes). <https://store.accuristech.com/standards/csa-z45001-19-r2023?product_id=2038226>

### 1.3 ISO

International Organization for Standardization. (2019). *ISO 7010:2019, Graphical symbols: Safety colours and safety signs: Registered safety signs* (3rd ed., amended to Amd 10:2025). <https://www.iso.org/standard/72424.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2026). *ISO 9001:2026, Quality management systems: Requirements* (6th ed.). <https://www.iso.org/standard/9001>

International Organization for Standardization. (2026). *ISO 15027-1:2026, Immersion suits: Part 1: Constant wear suits, requirements including safety*. <https://www.iso.org/standard/78057.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2019–2021). *ISO 16073 (all parts), Wildland firefighting personal protective equipment: Requirements and test methods* (Parts 1 to 9; replaces ISO 16073:2011). <https://www.iso.org/standard/74209.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2019). *ISO 16073-1:2019, Wildland firefighting personal protective equipment: Requirements and test methods: Part 1: General*. <https://www.iso.org/standard/74209.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2026). *ISO 19011:2026, Guidelines for auditing management systems* (4th ed.). <https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/iso/602c3cef-1d84-4d52-8d97-48d35b8d824e/iso-19011-2026>

International Organization for Standardization. (2018). *ISO 22320:2018, Security and resilience: Emergency management: Guidelines for incident management* (2nd ed.). <https://www.iso.org/standard/67851.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2022). *ISO 22361:2022, Security and resilience: Crisis management: Guidelines*. <https://www.iso.org/standard/50267.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2018). *ISO 31000:2018, Risk management: Guidelines*. <https://www.iso.org/standard/31000>

International Organization for Standardization. (2018). *ISO 45001:2018, Occupational health and safety management systems: Requirements with guidance for use*. <https://www.iso.org/standard/63787.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2024). *ISO 45001:2018/Amd 1:2024, Occupational health and safety management systems: Requirements with guidance for use: Amendment 1: Climate action changes*. <https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/iso/91601264-9758-4056-8e6f-c67570d04a5b/iso-45001-2018-amd-1-2024>

International Organization for Standardization. (2023). *ISO 45002:2023, Occupational health and safety management systems: General guidelines for the implementation of ISO 45001:2018*. <https://www.iso.org/standard/76619.html>

International Organization for Standardization. (2021). *ISO 45003:2021, Occupational health and safety management: Psychological health and safety at work: Guidelines for managing psychosocial risks*. <https://www.iso.org/standard/64283.html>

### 1.4 CPSE/CFAI

Center for Public Safety Excellence \[CPSE\]. (2019). *Fire and emergency service self-assessment manual* (10th ed.). Commission on Fire Accreditation International. <https://cpse.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/10th-Edition-FESSAM-Strikethrough-Underline-v.4.pdf>

Center for Public Safety Excellence \[CPSE\]. (2024). *Fire and emergency service self-assessment manual* (11th ed.). Commission on Fire Accreditation International. <https://www.cpse.org/accreditation/cfai10/>

Center for Public Safety Excellence \[CPSE\]. (2025). *Board approval of Fire and Emergency Service Accreditation Model updates (11th edition)* \[Web page\]. <https://www.cpse.org/accreditation/cfai10/>

### 1.5 Other standards bodies

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists \[ACGIH\]. (n.d.). *Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices* (current edition).

American Society of Safety Professionals. (2019). *ANSI/ASSP Z10.0-2019, Occupational health and safety management systems*. <https://webstore.ansi.org/preview-pages/ASSE/preview_ANSI+ASSP+Z10.0-2019.pdf>

ASHRAE. (2021). *ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2021, Legionellosis: Risk management for building water systems*. <https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/ansi-ashrae-standard-188-2021-legionellosis-risk-management-for-building-water-systems>

ASHRAE. (2025). *ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2025, Ventilation and acceptable indoor air quality*. <https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standards-62-1-62-2>

Automotive Lift Institute. (n.d.). *ANSI/ALI ALOIM, Safety requirements for the operation, inspection and maintenance of automotive lifts*.

Canadian General Standards Board. (n.d.). *CAN/CGSB-155.22, Fireline workwear for wildland firefighters* (Standards Council of Canada notice of intent). <https://scc-ccn.ca/standards/notices-of-intent/canadian-general-standards-board-cgsb/fireline-workwear-wildland-0>

Canadian General Standards Board. (1995). *CAN/CGSB-65.21-95, Marine anti-exposure work suit systems*.

Canadian General Standards Board. (2005). *CAN/CGSB-65.16-2005, Immersion suit systems*.

International Civil Aviation Organization \[ICAO\]. (n.d.-a). *Airport services manual, Part 1: Rescue and firefighting* (Doc 9137). <https://www.icao.int/>

International Civil Aviation Organization \[ICAO\]. (n.d.-b). *Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aerodromes, Volume I*. <https://www.icao.int/>

International Civil Aviation Organization \[ICAO\]. (2016). *Annex 19 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Safety management* (2nd ed.).

## 2. Legislation

### 2.1 Federal

Access to Information Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A-1 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/A-1/>

Aeronautics Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A-2 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded).

Canada Labour Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. L-2 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30; Part II). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/l-2/>

Canada Shipping Act, 2001, S.C. 2001, c. 26 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-10.15/>

Canadian Human Rights Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. H-6 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-6/FullText.html>

Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act, S.C. 1989, c. 3 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded).

Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30; ss. 22.1, 22.2 and 217.1). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/>

Emergency Management Act, S.C. 2007, c. 15 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-4.56/FullText.html>

Federal Public Sector Labour Relations Act, S.C. 2003, c. 22, s. 2 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-33.3/section-240.html>

Financial Administration Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. F-11 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded).

Government Employees Compensation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. G-5 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/g-5/>

Government Property Traffic Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. G-6 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/G-6/FullText.html>

Hazardous Products Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. H-3 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/h-3/>

Income Tax Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (5th Supp.) (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-3.3/section-118.06.html>

National Framework on Cancers Linked to Firefighting Act, S.C. 2023, c. 20 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded; Bill C-224, Royal Assent 2023). <https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-224>

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, S.C. 2000, c. 5 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/section-4.html>

Privacy Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. P-21 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-21/>

Radiocommunication Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. R-2 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/R-2/>

Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act, 1992, S.C. 1992, c. 34 (Canada; consolidation date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-19.01/>

Administrative Monetary Penalties (Canada Labour Code) Regulations, SOR/2020-260 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2020-260/FullText.html>

Aviation Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, SOR/2011-87 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, SOR/86-304 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-86-304/>

Canadian Aviation Regulations, SOR/96-433 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30; Subparts 302 and 303, airports and aircraft fire fighting, and Part IX, remotely piloted aircraft systems). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-96-433/>

Competency of Operators of Pleasure Craft Regulations, SOR/99-53 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-99-53/>

Government Property Traffic Regulations, C.R.C., c. 887 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._887/FullText.html>

Hazardous Products Regulations, SOR/2015-17 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded; WHMIS 2015). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2015-17/>

Marine Personnel Regulations, SOR/2007-115 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2007-115/>

Maritime Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, SOR/2010-120 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Navigation Safety Regulations, 2020, SOR/2020-216 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2020-216/>

Policy Committees, Work Place Committees and Health and Safety Representatives Regulations, SOR/2015-164 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2015-164/FullText.html>

Prohibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations, 2025, SOR/2025-270 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2025-270/>

Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Canada Labour Code, SOR/2026-10 (Canada; registered 2026-01-30, in force 2027-01-30). <https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2026/2026-02-11/html/sor-dors10-eng.html>

Regulations Amending the Canadian Aviation Regulations (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems), SOR/2025-70 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/>

Small Vessel Regulations, SOR/2010-91 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2010-91/>

Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, SOR/2001-286 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2001-286/>

Transportation Safety Board Regulations, SOR/2014-37 (Canada; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2014-37/>

Work Place Harassment and Violence Prevention Regulations, SOR/2020-130 (Canada; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2020-130/>

**Case law (Supreme Court of Canada)**

*British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v. BCGSEU*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 3 (Supreme Court of Canada).

*R. v. Sault Ste. Marie (City)*, \[1978\] 2 S.C.R. 1299 (Supreme Court of Canada).

### 2.2 British Columbia

Community Charter, S.B.C. 2003, c. 26 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/03026_00>

E-Health (Personal Health Information Access and Protection of Privacy) Act, S.B.C. 2008, c. 38 (British Columbia; current to 2026-10-20). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/08038_01>

Emergency and Disaster Management Act, S.B.C. 2023, c. 37 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/23037>

Emergency Intervention Disclosure Act, S.B.C. 2012, c. 19 (British Columbia; in force 2013-03-02; point-in-time record seen 2026-10-23, text not read). <https://free.bcpublications.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/12019_pit>

Fire Safety Act, S.B.C. 2016, c. 19 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/16019>

Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 165 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96165_03>

Human Rights Code, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 210 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/00_96210_01>

Local Government Act, R.S.B.C. 2015, c. 1 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/r15001_00>

Motor Vehicle Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 318 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96318_00>

Workers Compensation Act, R.S.B.C. 2019, c. 1 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-13). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/19001_00>

Emergency Vehicle Driving Regulation, B.C. Reg. 133/98 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/133_98>

Employment Standards Regulation, B.C. Reg. 396/95 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/396_95>

Firefighters’ Occupational Disease Regulation, B.C. Reg. 125/2009 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/125_2009>

Motor Vehicle Act Regulations, B.C. Reg. 26/58 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/26_58_00>

Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, B.C. Reg. 296/97 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/296_97_00>

Power Engineers, Boiler, Pressure Vessel and Refrigeration Safety Regulation, B.C. Reg. 104/2004 (British Columbia; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/104_2004>

### 2.3 Alberta

Access to Information Act, S.A. 2024, c. A-1.4 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-12-18). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/A01P4.pdf>

Alberta Human Rights Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. A-25.5 (Alberta; consolidated to 2023-04-01). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/A25P5.pdf>

Emergency Health Services Act, S.A. 2008, c. E-6.6 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-08-27). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/E06P6.pdf>

Emergency Management Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. E-6.8 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-06-11). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/E06P8.pdf>

Forest and Prairie Protection Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. F-19 (Alberta; consolidated to 2024-05-30). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/F19.pdf>

Health Information Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. H-5 (Alberta; consolidated to 2026-07-02). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/H05.pdf>

Municipal Government Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. M-26 (Alberta; consolidated to 2026-09-01). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/M26.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act, S.A. 2020, c. O-2.2 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-06-11). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/O02P2.pdf>

Protection of Privacy Act, S.A. 2024, c. P-28.5 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-12-11). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/P28P5.pdf>

Safety Codes Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. S-1 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-12-01). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/S01.pdf>

Traffic Safety Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. T-6 (Alberta; consolidated to 2026-07-02). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/T06.pdf>

Workers’ Compensation Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. W-15 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-12-18). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/W15.pdf>

Employment Standards Regulation, Alta. Reg. 14/97 (Alberta; consolidated to 2026-01-01). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/1997_014.pdf>

Firefighters’ Primary Site Cancer Regulation, Alta. Reg. 102/2003 (Alberta; consolidated to 2023-04-05). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2003_102.pdf>

Local Authority Emergency Management Regulation, Alta. Reg. 203/2018 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-05-31). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2018_203.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Code, Alta. Reg. 191/2021 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-03-31). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2021_191.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, Alta. Reg. 184/2021 (Alberta; as filed, in force 2021-12-01, no amendments). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2021_184.pdf>

Operator Licensing and Vehicle Control Regulation, Alta. Reg. 320/2002 (Alberta; consolidated to 2026-10-01). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2002_320.pdf>

Procedures Regulation, Alta. Reg. 63/2017 (Alberta; consolidated to 2026-03-13). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2017_063.pdf>

Registrar’s exemption: blue flashing lamps on fire fighting vehicles, citation not recorded (Alberta; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/a0a83726-2015-454d-84d2-a46b0c8ba45b/resource/b407cc0f-cdbd-414d-84d8-e4e655da5378/download/tec-registrars-exemption-flashing-blue-lights-fire-trucks.pdf>

Use of Highway and Rules of the Road Regulation, Alta. Reg. 304/2002 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-08-08). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2002_304.pdf>

Vehicle Equipment Regulation, Alta. Reg. 122/2009 (Alberta; consolidated to 2025-06-11). <https://kings-printer.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2009_122.pdf>

### 2.4 Saskatchewan

The Ambulance Act, citation not recorded (Saskatchewan; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

The Cities Act, citation not recorded (Saskatchewan; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

The Emergency Planning Act, S.S. 1989-90, c. E-8.1 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2022-07-22). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/504>

The Fire Safety Act, S.S. 2015, c. F-15.11 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2024-07-30). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/76411/formats/85690/download>

The Health Information Protection Act, S.S. 1999, c. H-0.021 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2024-08-13). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/4523>

The Local Authority Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.S. 1990-91, c. L-27.1 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2024-08-22). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/605>

The Municipalities Act, citation not recorded (Saskatchewan; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

The Northern Municipalities Act, 2010, citation not recorded (Saskatchewan; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

The Saskatchewan Employment Act, S.S. 2013, c. S-15.1 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2025-12-31). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/70351/formats/78194/download>

The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code, 2018, S.S. 2018, c. S-24.2 (Saskatchewan). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/>

The Saskatchewan Public Safety Agency Act, S.S. 2019, c. S-32.4 (Saskatchewan; consolidation date not recorded).

The Traffic Safety Act, S.S. 2004, c. T-18.1 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2024-06-28). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/12208>

The Wildfire Act, S.S. 2014, c. W-13.01 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to S.S. 2024, c. 4). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/71013/formats/81151/download>

The Workers’ Compensation Act, 2013, S.S. 2013, c. W-17.11 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2025-08-07). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/69362>

The Fire Safety Regulations, R.R.S. c. F-15.11, Reg. 1 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2024-01-17). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/76861>

The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 2020, R.R.S. c. S-15.1, Reg. 10 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2021-04-07). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/112399/formats/126367/download>

The Workers’ Compensation General Regulations, 1985, R.R.S. c. W-17.1, Reg. 1 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to 2024-10-01). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/1615>

The Workers’ Compensation Miscellaneous Regulations, R.R.S. c. W-17.11, Reg. 1 (Saskatchewan; consolidated to S.R. 81/2023). <https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/70001/formats/77848/download>

### 2.5 Manitoba

The Drivers and Vehicles Act, C.C.S.M. c. D104 (Manitoba; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

The Emergency Measures Act, C.C.S.M. c. E80 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2025-06-03). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/e080.php?lang=en>

The Emergency Medical Response and Stretcher Transportation Act, C.C.S.M. c. E83 (Manitoba; consolidation consulted 2026-10-24). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/e083.php?lang=en>

The Employment Standards Code, C.C.S.M. c. E110 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-21). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/e110.php?lang=en>

The Fires Prevention and Emergency Response Act, C.C.S.M. c. F80 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/f080.php?lang=en>

The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, C.C.S.M. c. F175 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-23). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/f175.php?lang=en>

The Highway Traffic Act, C.C.S.M. c. H60 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/h060.php?lang=en>

The Human Rights Code, C.C.S.M. c. H175 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-21). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/h175.php?lang=en>

The Municipal Act, C.C.S.M. c. M225 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-09-30). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/m225.php?lang=en>

The Personal Health Information Act, C.C.S.M. c. P33.5 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-23). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/p033-5.php?lang=en>

The Testing of Bodily Fluids and Disclosure Act, C.C.S.M. (Manitoba; in force 2009-09-15; described in a provincial health document, text not read). <https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/docs/testing_bodily_fluids_hp.pdf>

The Wildfires Act, C.C.S.M. c. W128 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2024-04-01). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/w128.php?lang=en>

The Workers Compensation Act, C.C.S.M. c. W200 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/w200.php?lang=en>

The Workplace Safety and Health Act, C.C.S.M. c. W210 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/w210.php?lang=en>

Administrative Penalties Regulation, citation not recorded (Manitoba; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Commercial Vehicle Trip Inspection Regulation, Man. Reg. 95/2008 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2024-11-01). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/095-2008.php?lang=en>

Designated Construction Zones Regulation, Man. Reg. 145/2014 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2025-12-12). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/145-2014.php?lang=en>

Driver Licensing Regulation, Man. Reg. 47/2006 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-02-15). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/047-2006.php?lang=en>

Employment Standards Regulation, Man. Reg. 6/2007 (Manitoba; current on 2026-10-23). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/006-2007.php?lang=en>

Fees Regulation, citation not recorded (Manitoba; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Fire Hose Regulation, Man. Reg. 102/87 R (Manitoba; consolidated to 1987-03-02). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/102-87r.php?lang=en>

Fire Safety Inspections Regulation, citation not recorded (Manitoba; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Manitoba Fire Code, citation not recorded (Manitoba; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Minimum Periods of Employment and Non-Smoking: Firefighters and OFC Personnel Regulation, Man. Reg. 160/2005 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-23). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/160-2005.php?lang=en>

Occupational Diseases Regulation, Man. Reg. 69/2023 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2024-09-01). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/069-2023.php?lang=en>

Vehicle Equipment, Safety and Inspection Regulation, Man. Reg. 31/2019 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-01-01). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/031-2019.php?lang=en>

Workplace Safety and Health Regulation, Man. Reg. 217/2006 (Manitoba; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/217-2006.php?lang=en>

### 2.6 Ontario

Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.9 (Ontario; consolidated to 2025-12-03). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90e09>

Fire Protection and Prevention Act, 1997, S.O. 1997, c. 4 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/97f04>

Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h08>

Human Rights Code, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.19 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h19>

Mandatory Blood Testing Act, 2006, S.O. 2006, c. 26 (Ontario; consolidation date not recorded). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws>

Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. M.56 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90m56>

Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. O.1 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90o01>

Personal Health Information Protection Act, 2004, S.O. 2004, c. 3, Sched. A (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/04p03>

Wildland Fire Management Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.24 (Ontario; consolidation period from 2026-04-01). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90f24>

Workplace Safety and Insurance Act, 1997, S.O. 1997, c. 16, Sched. A (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/97w16>

Administrative Penalties, O. Reg. 365/25 (Ontario; consolidated to 2025-12-16). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r25365>

Community Risk Assessments, O. Reg. 378/18 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/180378>

Confined Spaces, O. Reg. 632/05 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/050632>

Construction Projects, O. Reg. 213/91 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/910213>

Control of Exposure to Biological or Chemical Agents, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 833 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/900833>

Diving Operations, O. Reg. 629/94 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/940629>

Drivers’ Licences, O. Reg. 340/94 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/940340>

Electrical Safety Code, O. Reg. 164/99 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/990164>

Firefighter Certification, O. Reg. 343/22 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r22343>

Firefighters: Protective Equipment, O. Reg. 714/94 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/940714>

First Aid Requirements, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 1101 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/901101>

General, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 823 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/900823>

Health and Safety Management Systems and Procurement, O. Reg. 364/25 (Ontario; as filed 2025-12-16, in force 2026-01-01). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r25364>

Industrial Establishments, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 851 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/900851>

Noise, O. Reg. 381/15 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/150381>

Notices and Reports under Sections 51 to 53.1 of the Act: Fatalities, Critical Injuries, Occupational Illnesses and Other Incidents, O. Reg. 420/21 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r21420>

Occupational Health and Safety Awareness and Training, O. Reg. 297/13 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/130297>

Part I of the Act: Firefighters and Fire Investigators, O. Reg. 253/07 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/070253>

When Work Deemed to be Performed, Exemptions and Special Rules, O. Reg. 285/01 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/010285>

Wildland Fire Management, O. Reg. 43/26 (Ontario; as filed 2026-03-13, in force 2026-04-01). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r26043>

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 860 (Ontario; consolidated to 2026-10-20). <https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/900860>

### 2.7 Quebec

Act respecting Access to documents held by public bodies and the Protection of personal information, CQLR c. A-2.1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/A-2.1>

Act respecting civil protection to promote disaster resilience, CQLR c. S-2.4 (Quebec; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Act respecting health and social services information, CQLR c. R-22.1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/R-22.1>

Act respecting industrial accidents and occupational diseases, CQLR c. A-3.001 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/A-3.001>

Act respecting labour standards, CQLR c. N-1.1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/N-1.1>

Act respecting occupational health and safety, CQLR c. S-2.1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/S-2.1>

Archives Act, CQLR c. A-21.1 (Quebec; consolidation consulted 2026-10-24). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/A-21.1>

Charter of human rights and freedoms, CQLR c. C-12 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/C-12>

Civil Protection Act, CQLR c. S-2.3 (Quebec; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/S-2.3>

Fire Safety Act, CQLR c. S-3.4 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/S-3.4>

Highway Safety Code, CQLR c. C-24.2 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/C-24.2>

Sustainable Forest Development Act, CQLR c. A-18.1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-08-12). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/A-18.1>

First-aid Minimum Standards Regulation, CQLR c. A-3.001, r. 10 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-07-01). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/A-3.001,%20r.%2010>

Hazardous Products Information Regulation, CQLR c. S-2.1, r. 8.1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-07-01). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/S-2.1,%20r.%208.1>

Regulation respecting occupational diseases, CQLR c. A-3.001, r. 8.1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-07-01). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/A-3.001,%20r.%208.1>

Regulation respecting occupational health and safety, CQLR c. S-2.1, r. 13 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-07-01). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/S-2.1,%20r.%2013>

Regulation respecting prevention and participation mechanisms in an establishment, CQLR c. S-2.1, r. 8.3 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-07-01). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/S-2.1,%20r.%208.3>

Regulation respecting prevention programs, CQLR c. S-2.1, r. 10 (Quebec; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/S-2.1,%20r.%2010>

Regulation respecting the conditions governing the exercise of functions within a municipal fire safety service, CQLR c. S-3.4, r. 1 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-07-01). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/S-3.4,%20r.%201>

Safety Code for the construction industry, CQLR c. S-2.1, r. 4 (Quebec; consolidated to 2026-07-01). <https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cr/S-2.1,%20r.%204>

### 2.8 New Brunswick

Emergency Measures Act, R.S.N.B. 2011, c. 147 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2022-06-10). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/2011-c.147>

Employment Standards Act, S.N.B. 1982, c. E-7.2 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2026-06-12). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/E-7.2>

Fire Prevention Act, R.S.N.B. 1973, c. F-13 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2023-06-16). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/F-13>

Firefighters’ Compensation Act, S.N.B. 2009, c. F-12.5 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2025-06-06). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/F-12.5>

Human Rights Act, R.S.N.B. 2011, c. 171 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2023-06-16). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/2011-c.171>

Local Governance Act, S.N.B. 2017, c. 18 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2026-09-15). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/2017-c.18>

Motor Vehicle Act, R.S.N.B. 1973, c. M-17 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2026-06-12). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/M-17>

Occupational Health and Safety Act, S.N.B. 1983, c. O-0.2 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2024-06-07). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/O-0.2>

Personal Health Information Privacy and Access Act, S.N.B. 2009, c. P-7.05 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2024-01-01). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/P-7.05>

Right to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.N.B. 2009, c. R-10.6 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2025-02-13). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/R-10.6>

Workers’ Compensation Act, R.S.N.B. 1973, c. W-13 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2025-06-06). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cs/W-13>

Administration Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 84-26 (New Brunswick; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Code of Practice for Working Alone Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 92-133 (New Brunswick; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Code of Practice for Working with Material Containing Asbestos Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 92-106 (New Brunswick; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

First Aid Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 2004-130 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2023-08-09). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cr/2004-130>

General Regulation 84-204, N.B. Reg. 84-204 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2024-01-01). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cr/84-204>

General Regulation: Firefighters’ Compensation Act, N.B. Reg. 2009-72 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2025-06-06). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cr/2009-72>

General Regulation: Motor Vehicle Act, N.B. Reg. 83-42 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2026-08-01). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cr/83-42>

General Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 91-191 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2026-06-30). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cr/91-191>

Training and Designated Trades Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 2007-33 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2024-05-02). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cr/2007-33>

Underground Mine Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 96-105 (New Brunswick; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act, N.B. Reg. 2016-6 (New Brunswick; consolidated to 2016-04-01). <https://laws.gnb.ca/en/document/cr/2016-6>

### 2.9 Nova Scotia

Emergency Health Services Act, S.N.S. 2005, c. 5 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca>

Emergency Management Act, S.N.S. 1990, c. 8 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/emergency%20management.pdf>

Fire Safety Act, S.N.S. 2002, c. 6 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/fire%20safety.pdf>

Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.N.S. 1993, c. 5 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/freedom%20of%20information%20and%20protection%20of%20privacy.pdf>

Human Rights Act, R.S.N.S. 1989, c. 214 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/human%20rights.pdf>

Labour Standards Code, R.S.N.S. 1989, c. 246 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/labour%20standards%20code.pdf>

Motor Vehicle Act, R.S.N.S. 1989, c. 293 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded; replaced by the Traffic Safety Act on 2026-10-19). <https://nslegislature.ca>

Municipal Government Act, S.N.S. 1998, c. 18 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded; Part XII, fire services, and Part XX, freedom of information). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/municipal%20government.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act, S.N.S. 1996, c. 7 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09-01; as amended by the Stronger Workplaces for Nova Scotia Act, S.N.S. 2024; official text not reachable during the build). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/occupational%20health%20and%20safety.pdf>

Personal Health Information Act, S.N.S. 2010, c. 41 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/personal%20health%20information.pdf>

Smoke-free Places Act, S.N.S. 2002, c. 12 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/smoke-free%20places.pdf>

Support for Fire Protection Services Act, S.N.S. 2026, c. 6 (Nova Scotia; as enacted, Royal Assent 2026-04-09). <https://www.nslegislature.ca/legc/bills/65th_1st/3rd_read/b186.htm>

Traffic Safety Act, S.N.S. 2025, c. 20 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded; passed October 2025, in force 2026-10-19; replaces the Motor Vehicle Act and the unproclaimed Traffic Safety Act of 2018). <https://novascotia.ca/traffic-safety-act-legislative-changes/>

Workers’ Compensation Act, S.N.S. 1994-95, c. 10 (Nova Scotia; consolidation date not recorded). <https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/workers%27%20compensation.pdf>

Collision Reporting Regulations, N.S. Reg. 234/2026 (Nova Scotia; effective 2026-10-19, as filed). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/2026-234.pdf>

Driver’s Licence Regulations, N.S. Reg. 226/2026 (Nova Scotia; effective 2026-10-19, as filed). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/2026-226.pdf>

Fire Safety Regulations, N.S. Reg. 48/2003 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09; amended to N.S. Reg. 60/2025). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/fsfiresf.htm>

Firefighters’ Compensation Regulations, N.S. Reg. 140/2003 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09; amended to N.S. Reg. 111/2022, in force 2022-07-01). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/wocfire.htm>

Mandatory Testing and Disclosure Regulations, N.S. Reg. 75/2006 (Nova Scotia; effective 2006-06-01; consolidated to O.I.C. 2011-15). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/mtdregs.htm>

Occupational Diving Regulations, N.S. Reg. 174/2005 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09; amended to N.S. Reg. 44/2022). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/ohsodive.htm>

Occupational Safety General Regulations, N.S. Reg. 44/99 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09; amended to N.S. Reg. 53/2013). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/ohsgensf.htm>

Safety-Engineered Needles Regulations, N.S. Reg. 192/2009 (Nova Scotia; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/>

Traffic Safety Act Interpretation Regulations, N.S. Reg. 221/2026 (Nova Scotia; effective 2026-10-19, as filed). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/2026-221.pdf>

Using the Road Regulations, N.S. Reg. 230/2026, Sch. D (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2026-10-19; made under the Traffic Safety Act by O.I.C. 2026-346 (2026-10-06); in force 2026-10-19). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/2026-230.pdf>

Vehicle Equipment, Safety and Inspection Regulations, N.S. Reg. 245/2026 (Nova Scotia; effective 2026-10-19, as filed). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/2026-245.pdf>

Violence in the Workplace Regulations, N.S. Reg. 209/2007 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/ohsviolence.htm>

Workers’ Compensation General Regulations, N.S. Reg. 22/96 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09; amended to N.S. Reg. 254/2025). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/wocgen.htm>

Workplace Health and Safety Regulations, N.S. Reg. 52/2013 (Nova Scotia; consolidated to 2025-09; amended to N.S. Reg. 163/2025). <https://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/ohsworkplace.htm>

### 2.10 Prince Edward Island

Civil Service Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. C-8 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2026-05-29). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/c-08-civil_service_act.pdf>

Emergency Measures Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. E-6.1 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2020-12-04). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/e-06-1-emergency_measures_act.pdf>

Employment Standards Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. E-6.2 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2026-06-30, showing the repeal by S.P.E.I. 2024, c. 66, s. 105). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/e-06-2-employment_standards_act.pdf>

Fire Prevention Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. F-11 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2023-03-04). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/f-11-fire_prevention_act.pdf>

Forest Management Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. F-14 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2026-05-29). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/f-14-forest_management_act.pdf>

Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. F-15.01 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2026-05-29). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/f-15-01-freedom_of_information_and_protection_of_privacy_act.pdf>

Health Information Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. H-1.41 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2026-03-30). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/h-01-41-health_information_act.pdf>

Highway Traffic Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. H-5 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2026-05-29). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/h-05-highway_traffic_act.pdf>

Human Rights Act, citation not recorded (Prince Edward Island; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Human Rights Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. H-12 (Prince Edward Island). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/legislation>

Municipal Government Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. M-12.1 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2023-11-29). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/m-12.1-municipal_government_act.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. O-1.01 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2023-08-01). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/o-1-01-occupational_health_and_safety_act.pdf>

Workers Compensation Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. W-7.1 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2026-05-29). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/w-07-1-workers_compensation_act.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act Fall Protection Regulations, P.E.I. Reg. EC633/04 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2021-03-06). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/o01-01-1-occupational_health_and_safety_act_fall_protection_regulations.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act General Regulations, P.E.I. Reg. EC180/87 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2025-01-01). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/o1-01g-occupational_health_and_safety_act_general_regulations.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act Scaffolding Regulations, P.E.I. Reg. EC44/06 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2017-10-28). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/o01-01-2-occupational_health_and_safety_act_scaffolding_regulations.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act Workplace Harassment Regulations, P.E.I. Reg. EC710/19 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2020-07-01). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/o01-01-3-occupational_health_and_safety_act_workplace_harassment_regulations_0.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System Regulations, P.E.I. Reg. EC455/17 (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2017-07-29). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/O%2601-01-3-Occupational%20Health%20and%20Safety%20Act%20Workplace%20Hazardous%20Materials%20Information%20System%20Regulations.pdf>

Workers Compensation Act General Regulations, citation not recorded (Prince Edward Island; consolidated to 2025-06-21). <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/sites/default/files/legislation/w07-1g-workers_compensation_act_general_regulations.pdf>

### 2.11 Newfoundland and Labrador

Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 2015, S.N.L. 2015, c. A-1.2 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2026-07-16). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/a01-2.htm>

Emergency Services Act, S.N.L. 2008, c. E-9.1 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation date not recorded). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/e09-1.htm>

Fire Protection Services Act, S.N.L. 2008, c. F-11.01 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2025-01-22). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/f11-01.htm>

Firefighters’ Protection Act, S.N.L. 1996, c. F-11.1 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to S.N.L. 2023, c. T-6.2). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/f11-1.htm>

Forestry Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. F-23 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted 2026-10-24). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/f23.htm>

Highway Traffic Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. H-3 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2026-05-08). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/h03.htm>

Human Rights Act, 2010, S.N.L. 2010, c. H-13.1 (Newfoundland and Labrador; current on 2026-10-23). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/h13-1.htm>

Interpretation Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. I-19 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted 2026-10-24). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/i19.htm>

Labour Standards Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. L-2 (Newfoundland and Labrador; current on 2026-10-23). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/l02.htm>

Municipalities Act, 1999, S.N.L. 1999, c. M-24 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation date not recorded).

Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. O-3 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2024-12-04). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/o03.htm>

Personal Health Information Act, S.N.L. 2008, c. P-7.01 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2026-05-15). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/p07-01.htm>

Radiation Health and Safety Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. R-1 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted 2026-10-24). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/r01.htm>

Towns and Local Service Districts Act, S.N.L. 2023, c. T-6.2 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to S.N.L. 2026, c. 16). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/t06-2.htm>

Workplace Health, Safety and Compensation Act, 2022, S.N.L. 2022, c. W-11.1 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2026-06-30). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/w11-1.htm>

Asbestos Abatement Regulations, citation not recorded (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Fire Chief Regulations, N.L.R. 26/00 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to N.L.R. 65/11). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc000026.htm>

Fire Protection Services Regulations, N.L.R. 45/12 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to N.L.R. 23/26). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc120045.htm>

Forest Fire Offence and Penalty Regulations, 2026, N.L.R. 24/26 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc260024.htm>

Forest Fire Regulations, C.N.L.R. 11/96 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Forest Fire Season Order, 2026, citation not recorded (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Highway Traffic Driver Regulations, 1999, N.L.R. 110/98 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc980110.htm>

Licensing and Equipment Regulations, C.N.L.R. 1007/96 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to N.L.R. 37/23). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc961007.htm>

Occupational Health and Safety First Aid Regulations, C.N.L.R. 1148/96 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to N.L.R. 68/20). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc961148.htm>

Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 2012, N.L.R. 5/12 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2026-10-07). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc120005.htm>

Offshore Area Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, citation not recorded (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) Regulations, 2018, N.L.R. 34/18 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2026-05-26). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc180034.htm>

Workplace Health, Safety and Compensation Regulations, 2023, N.L.R. 67/23 (Newfoundland and Labrador; consolidated to 2023-09-01). <https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/regulations/rc230067.htm>

### 2.12 Yukon

Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.Y. 2018, c. 9 (Yukon; consolidated to 2025-03-16). <https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2018/2018-0009/2018-0009_2.pdf>

Civil Emergency Measures Act, R.S.Y. 2002, c. 34 (Yukon; consolidated to 2025-01-04). <https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2002/2002-0034/2002-0034.pdf>

Employment Standards Act, R.S.Y. 2002, c. 72 (Yukon). <https://laws.yukon.ca/>

Fire Prevention Act, R.S.Y. 2002, c. 89 (Yukon; consolidated to 2024). <https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2002/2002-0089/2002-0089.pdf>

Health Information Privacy and Management Act, S.Y. 2013, c. 16 (Yukon; consolidated to 2024-12-25). <https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2013/2013-0016/2013-0016.pdf>

Human Rights Act, R.S.Y. 2002, c. 116 (Yukon). <https://laws.yukon.ca/>

Motor Vehicles Act, R.S.Y. 2002, c. 153 (Yukon; consolidated to 2026-01-01). <https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2002/2002-0153/2002-0153.pdf>

Municipal Act, R.S.Y. 2002, c. 154 (Yukon; consolidated to 2024-12-26). <https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2002/2002-0154/2002-0154.pdf>

Occupational Health and Safety Act, citation not recorded (Yukon; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Workers’ Safety and Compensation Act, S.Y. 2021, c. 11 (Yukon; consolidated to 2024-12-25). <https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2021/2021-0011/2021-0011.pdf>

Commercial Diving Regulations, citation not recorded (Yukon; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/regulations/commercial-diving>

Radiation Protection, citation not recorded (Yukon; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System Regulation, citation not recorded (Yukon; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/regulations/workplace-hazardous-materials-information-system-r>

Workplace Health and Safety Regulations, Y.O.I.C. 2006/178 (Yukon; consolidated to 2022-09-30). <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/regulations>

Workplace Health Regulations, citation not recorded (Yukon; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/regulations/occupational-health-regulations>

### 2.13 Northwest Territories

Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, S.N.W.T. 1994, c. 20 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2023-03-30). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/access-to-information-and-protection-of-privacy-act-snwt-1994-c20/>

An Act to Amend the Workers’ Compensation Act, No. 2, S.N.W.T. 2026, c. 13 (Northwest Territories; certified text of 2026-06-04, in force 2027-01-01). <https://www.ntlegislativeassembly.ca/documents-proceedings/bills/act-amend-workers-compensation-act-no-2>

Cities, Towns and Villages Act, S.N.W.T. 2003, c. 22, Sch. B (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2023-04-01). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/cities-towns-and-villages-act-snwt-2003-c22-schb/>

Emergency Management Act, S.N.W.T. 2018, c. 17 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2018). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/emergency-management-act-snwt-2018-c17/>

Employment Standards Act, S.N.W.T. 2007, c. 13 (Northwest Territories). <https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/>

Fire Prevention Act, R.S.N.W.T. 1988, c. F-6 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2026-07-03). <https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/>

Forest Protection Act, R.S.N.W.T. 1988, c. F-10 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2023-03-30). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/acts/forest-protection-act-rsnwt-1988-cf-10/text/>

Hamlets Act, S.N.W.T. 2003, c. 22, Sch. C (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2023-04-01). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/hamlets-act-snwt-2003-c22-schc/>

Health Information Act, S.N.W.T. 2014, c. 2 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2026-03-06). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/health-information-act-snwt-2014-c2/>

Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c. 18 (Northwest Territories). <https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/>

Motor Vehicles Act, R.S.N.W.T. 1988, c. M-16 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2025-03-21). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/motor-vehicles-act-rsnwt-1988-cm-16/>

Safety Act, R.S.N.W.T. 1988, c. S-1 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2023-10-06). <https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/>

Workers’ Compensation Act, S.N.W.T. 2007, c. 21 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2023-03-30). <https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/>

Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Regulations, citation not recorded (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2021-10-12). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/access-to-information-and-protection-of-privacy-regulations/>

Driver’s Licence Regulations, R.R.N.W.T. 1990, c. M-27 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2026-06-01). <https://laws.opennwt.ca/legislation/drivers-licence-regulations/>

Firefighters’ Presumption Regulations, N.W.T. Reg. 039-2010 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2015-10-23). <https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/>

Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, N.W.T. Reg. 039-2015 (Northwest Territories; consolidated to 2024-09-26). <https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/>

### 2.14 Nunavut

Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, C.S.Nu., c. A-20 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2024-05-31). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/access-information-and-protection-privacy-act-official-consolidation>

An Act to Amend the Workers’ Compensation Act, S.Nu. 2025, c. 20 (Nunavut; assented 2025-09-18; not in force). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/statutes/workers-compensation-act-act-amend-c20>

Cities, Towns and Villages Act, citation not recorded (Nunavut; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded).

Emergency Measures Act, S.Nu. 2007, c. 10 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2010-08-24). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/emergency-measures-act-consolidation>

Fire Safety Act, R.S.N.W.T. (Nu.) 1988, c. F-6 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2019-03-11). <https://nunavutlegislation.ca/en/file-download/download/public/7243>

Hamlets Act, C.S.Nu., c. H-10 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2024-11-07). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/hamlets-act-official-consolidation>

Human Rights Act, S.Nu. 2003, c. 12 (Nunavut). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/>

Safety Act, R.S.N.W.T. (Nu.) 1988, c. S-1 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2016-06-19). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/safety-act-consolidation>

Traffic Safety Act, R.S.N.W.T. (Nu.) 1988, c. M-16 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2019-12-06). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/traffic-safety-act-consolidation>

Workers’ Compensation Act, C.S.Nu., c. W-70 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2021-07-01). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/workers-compensation-act-official-consolidation>

Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Regulations, N.W.T. Reg. (Nu.) 206-96 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2016-05-13). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/access-information-and-protection-privacy-regulations-consolidation>

Driver’s Licence Regulations, R.R.N.W.T. (Nu.) 1990, c. M-27 (Nunavut; consolidation consulted in 2026, date not recorded). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/drivers-licence-regulations-consolidation>

Firefighters’ Presumption Regulations, Nu. Reg. 016-2010 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2021-02-26). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/firefighters-presumption-regulations>

Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, Nu. Reg. 003-2016 (Nunavut; consolidated to 2021-09-28). <https://www.nunavutlegislation.ca/en/consolidated-law/occupational-health-and-safety-regulations-official-consolidation>

### 2.15 United States (comparators)

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (2013). Respiratory protective devices; self-contained breathing apparatus remaining service-life indicator performance requirements (42 C.F.R. § 84.83(f)). *Federal Register, 78*, 2618. <https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2013-01-14/html/2013-00371.htm>

Occupational Safety and Health Administration \[OSHA\]. (n.d.-a). *Access to employee exposure and medical records* (29 C.F.R. § 1910.1020). U.S. Department of Labor. <https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1020>

Occupational Safety and Health Administration \[OSHA\]. (n.d.-b). *Excavations: Soil classification* (29 C.F.R. Part 1926, Subpart P, Appendix A). U.S. Department of Labor. <https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926SubpartPAppA>

Occupational Safety and Health Administration \[OSHA\]. (n.d.-c). *Permit-required confined spaces* (29 C.F.R. § 1910.146). U.S. Department of Labor. <https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.146>

## 3. Investigation reports and data

Canadian Occupational Safety. (2025). *BC government fined \$759,000 following death of wildfire firefighter*. <https://www.thesafetymag.com/ca/topics/ohs-law-and-legislation/bc-government-fined-759000-following-death-of-wildfire-firefighter/547089>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (2022a). \[Investigation report EN004346: death of a firefighter during a river rescue, October 2021\]. <https://www.centredoc.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/pdf/Enquete/ed004346.pdf>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (2022b). \[Investigation report EN004348: death of a firefighter in a structural collapse during a defensive operation, December 2021\]. <https://www.centredoc.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/pdf/Enquete/ed004348.pdf>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (2022c). \[Investigation report EN004350: death of a firefighter in a building collapse during an interior attack, March 2022\]. <https://www.centredoc.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/pdf/Enquete/ed004350.pdf>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (2024). *Décès de deux pompiers volontaires lors des inondations à Saint-Urbain: la CNESST dévoile les conclusions de son enquête* \[Communiqué de presse\]. <https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/fr/salle-presse/communiques/deces-inondations-st-urbain>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (2024a). \[Investigation report EN004403: deaths of two firefighters during a flood rescue, May 2023\]. <https://www.centredoc.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/pdf/Enquete/ed004403.pdf>

CTV News London. (2015). *Ontario fire code changed in light of firefighter deaths in Listowel*. <https://london.ctvnews.ca/ontario-fire-code-changed-in-light-of-firefighter-deaths-in-listowel-1.2279148>

DiscoverAirdrie. (2026). *A living memorial: How occupational illness changes firefighter remembrance*. <https://discoverairdrie.com/articles/a-living-memorial-how-occupational-illness-changes-firefighter-remembrance>

Fire Engineering. (1991). *Compliance with NFPA 1500: Room for improvement* (survey of 99 departments). <https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighting/compliance-with-nfpa-1500-room-for-improvement/>

Fire Engineering. (2023). *The NIOSH 5: Beyond firefighter LODDs*. <https://www.fireengineering.com/?p=571739>

Firefighter Close Calls. (2009). *Charges re Canadian double LODD: Follow-up*. <https://www.firefighterclosecalls.com/charges-re-canadian-double-lodd-followup/>

Firefighter Close Calls. (2010). *Update: Yellowknife; no further inquest into firefighters’ deaths*. <https://www.firefighterclosecalls.com/update-yellowknife-cn-no-further-inquest-into-firefighters-deaths-2/>

Firefighting in Canada. (2014a). *Elliot Lake: Commissioner lambastes emergency response*. <https://www.firefightingincanada.com/elliot-lake-commissioner-lambastes-emergency-response-19581/>

Firefighting in Canada. (2014b). *Lessons from Listowel*. <https://www.firefightingincanada.com/lessons-from-listowel-12395/>

Firefighting in Canada. (2015). *Government slow to implement Elliot Lake recommendations*. <https://firefightingincanada.com/government-slow-to-implement-elliot-lake-recommendations-21900>

FireRescue1. (n.d.). *Fireground ventilation: Tactical considerations from UL’s FSRI research*. <https://www.firerescue1.com/ventilation/fireground-ventilation-tactical-considerations-from-uls-fsri-research>

FireRescue1. (2025). *Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program once again accepting investigation requests*. <https://www.firerescue1.com/niosh/fire-fighter-fatality-investigation-and-prevention-program-once-again-accepting-investigation-requests>

Gouvernement du Québec. (2022). *Décès d’un pompier du service incendie de la Régie intermunicipale à Saint-Edmond-les-Plaines: la CNESST dévoile les conclusions de son enquête* \[Communiqué de presse\]. <https://www.quebec.ca/nouvelles/actualites/details/deces-dun-pompier-du-service-incendie-de-la-regie-intermunicipale-geant-a-saint-edmond-les-plaines-la-cnesst-devoile-les-conclusions-de-son-enquete-43656>

Gouvernement du Québec. (2023). *Décès d’un pompier du Service de sécurité incendie de Montréal lors d’une intervention de sauvetage nautique: la CNESST dévoile les conclusions de son enquête* \[Communiqué de presse\]. <https://www.quebec.ca/nouvelles/actualites/details/deces-dun-pompier-du-service-de-securite-incendie-de-montreal-lors-dune-intervention-de-sauvetage-nautique-la-cnesst-devoile-les-conclusions-de-son-enquete-43407>

L’actualité. (2023). *La CNESST publie son rapport d’enquête sur le décès d’un pompier en 2021 à Québec*. <https://lactualite.com/actualites/la-cnesst-publie-son-rapport-denquete-sur-le-deces-dun-pompier-en-2021-a-quebec/>

National Fallen Firefighters Foundation \[NFFF\]. (2026). *NIOSH firefighter LODD and serious injury survey*. <https://www.firehero.org/2026/10/15/niosh-firefighter-lodd-and-serious-injury-survey/>

National Fire Protection Association \[NFPA\]. (n.d.). *Firefighter injuries in the United States* \[Annual report series\]. <https://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research/nfpa-research/fire-statistical-reports/firefighter-injuries-in-the-united-states>

National Fire Protection Association \[NFPA\]. (2021). *Fifth needs assessment of the U.S. fire service*. <https://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research/nfpa-research/fire-statistical-reports/needs-assessment>

National Fire Protection Association \[NFPA\]. (2026). *Fatal firefighter injuries in the United States in 2025*. <https://content.nfpa.org/-/media/Project/Storefront/Catalog/Files/Research/NFPA-Research/Emergency-responders/osFFF.pdf>

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (n.d.-a). *Fire fighter deaths from structural fire-related events, 1998–2001*. <https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/196959>

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (n.d.-b). *Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program* \[Program website and investigation reports\]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/fffipp/index.html>

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (2003b). *One career fire fighter dies and another is injured after partial structural collapse: Texas* (Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report F2002-07). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/163849>

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (2003a). *Fire fighter fatality investigation report F2003-18* (truss roof collapse; summary consulted). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <https://www.firehouse.com/lodds/news/10508223/death-in-the-line-of-duty>

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (2008). *Career fire fighter dies and other fire fighters are injured during a live fire training evolution in an acquired structure* (Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report F2007-09). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/>

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (2011). *Volunteer captain runs low on air, becomes disoriented, and dies while attempting to exit a large commercial structure: Texas* (Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report F2010-16). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/163515/cdc_163515_DS1.pdf>

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \[NIOSH\]. (2026b). *Health hazard evaluation report: Evaluation of diesel exhaust capture in fire stations* (HHE 2023-0099-3430). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/258737>

National Transportation Safety Board \[NTSB\]. (2020). *Safety risks to emergency responders from lithium-ion battery fires in electric vehicles* (Safety Report NTSB/SR-20/01). <https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safety-studies/Documents/SR2001.pdf>

Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables. (2024). *2023 Nova Scotia wildfires after-action report* (prepared by Calian). <https://novascotia.ca/natr/forestprotection/wildfire/nova-scotia-wildfires-2023-after-action-report.pdf>

Ontario Section 21 Advisory Committee. (2017). *Minutes, June 8, 2017*. <https://www.oafc.on.ca/sites/default/files/Section%2021/Meeting%20Minutes/2017/Section%2021%20Final%20Minutes%20June%208-17.pdf>

Ontario Section 21 Advisory Committee. (2020). *Minutes, February 2020*. <https://www.oafc.on.ca/sites/default/files/Section%2021/Meeting%20Minutes/2020/Section%2021%20February%202020%20Final%20Minutes.pdf>

Ontario Section 21 Advisory Committee. (2021). *Minutes, June 4, 2021*. <https://www.oafc.on.ca/sites/default/files/Section%2021/Meeting%20Minutes/2021/2021.06.04%20Fire%20S21%20Minutes%20Final.pdf>

Transportation Safety Board of Canada. (2014). *Lac-Mégantic runaway train and derailment investigation summary* (Railway Investigation Report R13D0054). <https://bst-tsb.gc.ca/eng/medias-media/fiches-facts/r13d0054/r13d0054-20140819a.html>

United States Fire Administration \[USFA\]. (2024a). *2024 summit: Health and wellness workgroup report*. <https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/summit/2024/2024-summit-health-and-wellness-workgroup-report.pdf>

United States Fire Administration \[USFA\]. (2024b). *Firefighter fatalities in the United States in 2023*. Federal Emergency Management Agency. <https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/firefighter-fatalities-2023.pdf>

United States Fire Administration \[USFA\]. (2025). *Firefighter fatalities in the United States in 2024*. Federal Emergency Management Agency. <https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/firefighter-fatalities-2024.pdf>

WorkSafeBC. (2025). \[Administrative penalty of \$759,000 against the Province of British Columbia (BC Wildfire Service) for the Donnie Creek fatality of July 2023 and the Shuswap entrapment of August 2023\] \[Penalty decision; reported by Canadian Occupational Safety, 11 November 2025\].

## 4. Research literature

Al-Hajj, S., Thomas, L., Garis, L., El-Asmar, K., El-Hajj, F., & Pike, I. (2025). Occupational injury among firefighters in Canada: A trends analysis of fatality and time-loss injury claims (2007–2021). *Injury Epidemiology, 12*. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-025-00639-0>

Bolstad-Johnson, D. M., Burgess, J. L., Crutchfield, C. D., Storment, S., Gerkin, R., & Wilson, J. R. (2000). Characterization of firefighter exposures during fire overhaul. *AIHAJ, 61*(5), 636–641. <https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984572>

Conklin, T. (2012). *Pre-accident investigations: An introduction to organizational safety*. Ashgate.

Conklin, T. (2017). *Workplace fatalities: Failure to predict*. Pre-Accident Media.

Conklin, T. (2019). *The 5 principles of human performance*. Pre-Accident Media.

Daniels, R. D., Kubale, T. L., Yiin, J. H., Dahm, M. M., Hales, T. R., Baris, D., Zahm, S. H., Beaumont, J. J., Waters, K. M., & Pinkerton, L. E. (2014). Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950–2009). *Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71*(6), 388–397. <https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101662>

Dekker, S. (2014). *The field guide to understanding “human error”* (3rd ed.). Ashgate.

Dekker, S. (2016). *Just culture: Restoring trust and accountability in your organization* (3rd ed.). CRC Press.

Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. *Administrative Science Quarterly, 44*(2), 350–383. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999>

Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. *Human Factors, 37*(1), 32–64. <https://doi.org/10.1518/001872095779049543>

Fire and Emergency New Zealand \[FENZ\]. (2023). *Report 210: Safety, health and wellbeing evidence brief 2023*. <https://fireandemergency.nz/assets/Documents/Research-and-reports/Report-210-Safety-Health-and-Wellbeing-Evidence-Brief-2023.pdf>

Fire Safety Research Institute \[FSRI\]. (n.d.-a). *Electric vehicle fire experiments* \[Urban Fire Forum presentation, 2025–2026\]. UL Research Institutes. <https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Project/Storefront/Catalog/Files/Member-Sections/Metro-Chiefs/Urban-Fire-Forum/2026/ULRI-FSRI-UFF-Metro-Chiefs-EV-Experiments-UFF.pdf>

Fire Safety Research Institute \[FSRI\]. (n.d.-b). *Fire attack, search, ventilation and basement fire studies* \[Research summaries\]. UL Research Institutes. <https://fsri.org>

Fire Safety Research Institute \[FSRI\]. (2020). *Fire attack study: Full-scale experiments and tactical considerations* \[Firehouse supplement\]. <https://fsri.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/Firehouse_Supplement_Final_09232020_1.pdf>

Fire Safety Research Institute \[FSRI\]. (2025). *Hierarchy of contamination controls in the fire service* (presented by G. Horn) \[Conference presentation\]. CPSE Excellence Conference.

Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. *Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1*(3), 288–299. <https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.1.3.288>

Fisher, R. P., & Geiselman, R. E. (1992). *Memory-enhancing techniques for investigative interviewing: The cognitive interview*. Charles C. Thomas.

Geczik, A. M., Lee, J., Allen, J. A., Raposa, M., Robinson, L., Quistberg, D. A., Davis, A. L., & Taylor, J. A. (2024). An updated analysis of safety climate and downstream outcomes in two convenience samples of U.S. fire departments (FOCUS 1.0 and 2.0 survey waves). *Injury Epidemiology, 11*. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-024-00502-8>

Ham, J. M. (1976). *Report of the Royal Commission on the Health and Safety of Workers in Mines*. Government of Ontario.

Hard, D. L., Marsh, S. M., Merinar, T. R., Bowyer, M. E., Miles, S. T., Loflin, M. E., & Moore, P. W. (2019). Summary of recommendations from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program, 2006–2014. *Journal of Safety Research, 68*, 21–25. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2018.10.013>

Herkert, N. J., Zhang, S., Mazumder, N.-U.-S., Ormond, R. B., Urwin, D., & Stapleton, H. M. (2025). Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in firefighter turnout gear: Two chemical classes of concern to consider. *Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 13*(1), 28–33. <https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c01153>

Holden, R. J., Carayon, P., Gurses, A. P., Hoonakker, P., Hundt, A. S., Ozok, A. A., & Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J. (2013). SEIPS 2.0: A human factors framework for studying and improving the work of healthcare professionals and patients. *Ergonomics, 56*(11), 1669–1686. <https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.838643>

Hollnagel, E. (2014). *Safety-I and Safety-II: The past and future of safety management*. Ashgate.

Hudson, P. (2003). Applying the lessons of high risk industries to health care. *Quality and Safety in Health Care, 12*(Suppl. 1), i7–i12. <https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.12.suppl_1.i7>

Hudson, P. (2007). Implementing a safety culture in a major multi-national. *Safety Science, 45*(6), 697–722. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.04.005>

International Agency for Research on Cancer \[IARC\]. (2014). *Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes* (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 105; working group met June 2012). World Health Organization. <https://publications.iarc.who.int/129>

International Agency for Research on Cancer \[IARC\]. (2023). *Occupational exposure as a firefighter* (IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans, Vol. 132; working group met June 2022). <https://monographs.iarc.who.int>

Kines, P., Lappalainen, J., Mikkelsen, K. L., Olsen, E., Pousette, A., Tharaldsen, J., Tómasson, K., & Törner, M. (2011). Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50): A new tool for diagnosing occupational safety climate. *International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41*(6), 634–646. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.08.004>

Klein, G. (1998). *Sources of power: How people make decisions*. MIT Press.

Klein, G. A., Calderwood, R., & MacGregor, D. (1989). Critical decision method for eliciting knowledge. *IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 19*(3), 462–472. <https://doi.org/10.1109/21.31053>

Langley, G. J., Moen, R. D., Nolan, K. M., Nolan, T. W., Norman, C. L., & Provost, L. P. (2009). *The improvement guide: A practical approach to enhancing organizational performance* (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Lee, D. J., Ahn, S., McClure, L. A., Caban-Martinez, A. J., Kobetz, E. N., Ukani, H., Boga, D. J., Hernandez, D., & Pinheiro, P. S. (2023). Cancer risk and mortality among firefighters: A meta-analytic review. *Frontiers in Oncology, 13*, Article 1130754. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1130754>

Marx, D. (2001). *Patient safety and the “just culture”: A primer for health care executives*. Columbia University.

Mazumder, N.-U.-S., Lu, J., Hall, A. S., Kasebi, A., Girase, A., Masoud, F., Stull, J. O., & Ormond, R. B. (2023). Toward the future of firefighter gear: Assessing fluorinated and non-fluorinated outer shells following simulated on-the-job exposures. *Journal of Industrial Textiles, 53*. <https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837231217401>

New Zealand Fire Service \[NZFS\]. (2016a). *Report 153: International good practice in safety, health and wellbeing in fire and emergency services* (prepared by Litmus; case studies). Hosted by Fire and Emergency New Zealand. <https://www.fireandemergency.nz/assets/Documents/Files/Report-153-international-good-practice-in-safety-health-and-wellbeing-in-fire-and-emergency-services.pdf>

New Zealand Fire Service \[NZFS\]. (2016b). *Report 158: Improving the safety culture and practices of rural fire personnel in relation to near-miss reporting* (prepared by Heathrose Research). Hosted by Fire and Emergency New Zealand. <https://www.fireandemergency.nz/assets/Documents/Research-and-reports/Report-158-Improving-the-safety-culture-and-practices-of-Rural-Fire-Personnel-in-relation-to-near-miss-reporting.pdf>

Reason, J. (1997). *Managing the risks of organizational accidents*. Ashgate.

Rose, S., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Wessely, S. (2002). Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, (2), Article CD000560. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000560>

RTI International. (2010). *Evaluation of the NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program* (RTI Press RR-0007-1003). <https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/231568>

Schrag, D., Beer, T. M., McDonnell, C. H., III, Nadauld, L., Dilaveri, C. A., Reid, R., Marinac, C. R., Chung, K. C., Lopatin, M., Fung, E. T., & Klein, E. A. (2023). Blood-based tests for multicancer early detection (PATHFINDER): A prospective cohort study. *The Lancet, 402*(10409), 1251–1260. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01700-2>

Underwriters Laboratories \[UL\]. (2008). *Structural stability of engineered lumber in fire conditions*. <https://fsri.org/research/structural-stability-engineered-lumber-fire-conditions>

Vaughan, D. (1996). *The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA*. University of Chicago Press.

Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2015). *Managing the unexpected: Sustained performance in a complex world* (3rd ed.). Wiley.

Westrum, R. (2004). A typology of organisational cultures. *Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13*(Suppl. 2), ii22–ii27. <https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2003.009522>

Woods, D. D., & Cook, R. I. (1999). Perspectives on human error: Hindsight biases and local rationality. In F. T. Durso (Ed.), *Handbook of applied cognition* (pp. 141–171). Wiley.

Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. *Journal of Applied Psychology, 85*(4), 587–596. <https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.587>

## 5. Guidance and frameworks

### 5.1 Published guidance, frameworks and programs

ABSA. (2024). *AB-529: Pressure equipment exemption order user guide* (Rev. 5, 2024-10-17). <https://www.absa.ca/media/1187/ab-529pressureequipmentexemptionorderuserguide.pdf>

Accreditation Canada. (n.d.). *Required organizational practices: Documented rationale for accepting, rejecting or delaying recommended actions*.

Alberta Municipal Health and Safety Association \[AMHSA\]. (n.d.). *Certificate of Recognition (COR) program* \[Web page\]. <http://www.amhsa.net/cor/>

American College of Medical Toxicology. (2017). ACMT and AACT position statement: Preventing occupational fentanyl and fentanyl analog exposure to emergency responders (M. J. Moss et al., with the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology). *Journal of Medical Toxicology, 13*(4), 347–351. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-017-0628-2>

Association paritaire pour la santé et la sécurité du travail du secteur affaires municipales \[APSAM\]. (n.d.). *Sécurité incendie: généralités*. <https://www.apsam.com/clienteles-et-services/securite-incendie/securite-incendie-generalites>

Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council \[AFAC\]. (2022). *Managing fatigue in emergency response* (Version 2). <https://www.afac.com.au/resources/managing-fatigue-in-emergency-response>

BC Municipal Safety Association \[BCMSA\]. (n.d.). *Certificate of Recognition (COR) program* \[Web page\]. <https://www.bcmsa.ca/cor/>

BC Office of the Fire Commissioner. (2024). *BC structure firefighter minimum training standards* (4th ed.). <https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/public-safety-and-emergency-services/public-safety/fire-safety/training/minimum_training_standards_structural_ff_manual.pdf>

BC Wildfire Service. (n.d.-a). *Category 3 open fire*. Government of British Columbia. <https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/fire-bans-and-restrictions/ofts-burn-registration>

BC Wildfire Service. (n.d.-b). *Open burning*. Government of British Columbia. <https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/fire-bans-and-restrictions/open-burning>

BC Wildfire Service. (n.d.-c). *Structure protection program training*. Government of British Columbia. <https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/about-bcws/employment-and-contracts/bc-wildfire-service-fire-services/bcws-fire-services-training-opportunities>

BC Wildfire Service. (2026). *S-100 2026 training standard* (wildland fire suppression). Government of British Columbia. <https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/public-safety-and-emergency-services/wildfire-status/employment/contract-opportunties/s-100_2026_training_standard.pdf>

Canadian Board for Harmonized Construction Codes \[CBHCC\]. (n.d.). *Provincial and territorial adoption*. <https://cbhcc-cchcc.ca/en/provincial-territorial-adoption/>

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety \[CCOHS\]. (n.d.-a). *Audiometric testing by jurisdiction* (OSH Answers). <https://ccohs.gc.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/audiometric_testing.html>

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety \[CCOHS\]. (n.d.-b). *Respirator fit testing* (OSH Answers). <https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ppe/respirator-respirator-fit-testing.html>

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety \[CCOHS\]. (2018). *Opioids (including fentanyl): Precautions for first responders* (OSH Answers). <https://ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/fentanyl.html>

Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2017). *Fentanyl and other opioids: Guidance for first responders on exposure risk*.

Canadian Fallen Firefighters Foundation. (n.d.). *Line of duty death definition* \[Web page\]. <https://www.cfff.ca/lodd-definition>

Canadian Federation of Construction Safety Associations \[CFCSA\]. (2021). *National COR accreditation standard* (final draft, 2021-06-11). <https://cfcsa.ca/pdfs/CFCSA%20National%20COR%20Accreditation%20Standard%20-%20FINAL%20DRAFT,%202021.06.11.pdf>

Canadian Institute for Public Safety Research and Treatment \[CIPSRT\]. (n.d.). *Resources for public safety personnel: Peer support guidelines, moral injury guide and PSPNET* \[Web page\]. <https://www.cipsrt-icrtsp.ca/en/>

Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre. (n.d.). *Canadian Interagency Exchange Standards and WFX-FIT* \[Web page\]. <https://ciffc.ca/standards/wfx-fit>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (n.d.-a). *Démarche de l’employeur lors d’un accident du travail*. <https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/fr/demarches-formulaires/employeurs/demarche-lemployeur-lors-dun-accident-travail>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (n.d.-b). *Guide des bonnes pratiques: l’entretien des vêtements de protection pour la lutte contre les incendies*. <https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/fr/organisation/documentation/formulaires-publications/entretien-vetements-protection-lutter-contre>

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail \[CNESST\]. (n.d.-c). *Nous joindre*. <https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/fr/nous-joindre>

Construction Safety Nova Scotia \[CSNS\]. (2023). *COR evaluation instrument* (FM 9.16, Rev. 10). <https://constructionsafetyns.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FM-9.16-COR-Evaluation-Instrument-Rev.10.pdf>

Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. (n.d.). *CASP checklists*. <https://casp-uk.net>

CSA Group. (n.d.). *Access to standards for transportation of dangerous goods and OHS view access* \[Web page\]. CSA Communities. <https://www.csagroup.org/news/access-to-standards-for-transportation-of-dangerous-goods-2/>

Department for Communities and Local Government \[DCLG\]. (2013). *Health, safety and welfare framework for the operational environment* (withdrawn; the Safe Person Concept). <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c8b8240f0b62aff6c26b7/HSFrameworkJunecombined.pdf>

Drexel University. (n.d.). *FOCUS: Fire service organizational culture of safety* \[Web page\]. FIRST Center, Dornsife School of Public Health. <https://drexel.edu/dornsife/research/centers-programs-projects/FIRST/our-projects/focus>

Employment and Social Development Canada. (2025). *Contact the Labour Program* (modified 2025-12-30). <https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/services/labour-contact.html>

Employment and Social Development Canada. (2026). *Federally regulated industries and workplaces* (modified 2026-01-30). <https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/employment-equity/regulated-industries.html>

Environment and Climate Change Canada. (n.d.). *Public weather alerts for Canada; humidex and wind chill guidance* \[Web page\]. <https://weather.gc.ca>

Environment and Climate Change Canada. (n.d.-a). *Criteria for public weather alerts*. <https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/types-weather-forecasts-use/public/criteria-alerts.html>

Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2023). *Report an environmental emergency* (modified 2023-09-13). <https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-emergencies-program/report-emergency.html>

Environment and Climate Change Canada, & Health Canada. (2025). *State of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) report*. <https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/evaluating-existing-substances/state-per-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-report.html>

Fire Fighter Air Coalition. (n.d.). *Air management for the fire service* \[Brochure\].

Fire Standards Board. (n.d.). *Operational learning* \[Fire Standard\]. <https://www.firestandards.org/implementation-tools/>

Firefighter Cancer Support Network. (2013). *Taking action against cancer in the fire service* \[White paper\]. <https://firstrespondercenter.org/document/taking-action-against-cancer-in-the-fire-service-3/>

go2HR. (n.d.). *Frequently asked questions about COR*. <https://www.go2hr.ca/explore-all-resources/health-safety/frequently-asked-questions-about-cor>

Gouvernement du Québec. (2026). *Aide financière au milieu municipal pour la formation des pompiers et pompières* (updated 2026-05-19). <https://www.quebec.ca/securite-situations-urgence/securite-incendie/services-de-securite-incendie-et-municipalites/soutien-aux-municipalites-en-matiere-de-securite-incendie/aide-financiere-formation-pompiers-pompieres>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.). *Get a Certificate of Recognition* \[Web page\]. <https://www.alberta.ca/get-certificate-recognition>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.-a). *Find a certifying partner*. <https://www.alberta.ca/find-certifying-partner>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.-b). *Fire services training grant*. <https://www.alberta.ca/fire-services-training-grant>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.-c). *Firefighter certification*. <https://www.alberta.ca/fire-rescue-certification>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.-d). *Mandatory testing and disclosure*. <https://www.alberta.ca/mandatory-testing-and-disclosure>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.-e). *OHS Code review*. <https://www.alberta.ca/ohs-code-review>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.-f). *Report potentially serious incidents*. <https://www.alberta.ca/report-potentially-serious-incidents>

Government of Alberta. (n.d.-g). *Report serious injuries, illnesses or incidents*. <https://www.alberta.ca/report-serious-injuries-incident>

Government of Alberta. (2007). *A code of practice for firefighters* (FEX003). <https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/9103a604-94d6-4b9a-b2a2-d14eb7b6cd82/resource/ed951a26-7788-4cf5-95a2-89054474f681/download/fex003-may-2007.pdf>

Government of Alberta. (2019). *OHS guide for firefighting* (FEX003). <https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/26730d34-5bae-4ed3-b044-9263c5511bb8/resource/0c585fed-73c4-4de4-9a48-a5ac0c37a496/download/lbr-fex003-ohs-guide-for-firefighting-2019.pdf>

Government of Alberta. (2020). *Respiratory protective equipment: An employer’s guide* (PPE001, updated March 2020). <https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/fc7d7a8d-973d-488f-b3bf-9a3fdeac9ffb/resource/003f4e0c-5c37-4c4c-8165-347d919718fa/download/lbr-respiratory-protective-equipment-guide-2020-03.pdf>

Government of Alberta. (2025). *Registrar’s exemption: Flashing blue lamps on fire fighting vehicles* (effective 2025-05-14 to 2028-02-29). <https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/a0a83726-2015-454d-84d2-a46b0c8ba45b/resource/b407cc0f-cdbd-414d-84d8-e4e655da5378/download/tec-registrars-exemption-flashing-blue-lights-fire-trucks.pdf>

Government of Alberta. (2026). *Municipal firefighting vehicle permit: Information sheet* (2026-05-27). <https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/8d5da4b7-a17f-486b-a766-d6dc628b57e5/resource/4634210f-1529-4b55-9e88-6e624ac1024d/download/tec-municipal-firefighting-vehicle-permit-information.pdf>

Government of British Columbia. (2026, March 31). \[News release on Community Emergency Preparedness Fund grants for volunteer and composite fire departments\]. Ministry of Emergency Management and Climate Readiness. <https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2026EMCR0006-000339>

Government of Manitoba. (n.d.-a). *Canada Community-Building Fund*. <https://gov.mb.ca/central/Project/ccbf.html>

Government of Manitoba. (n.d.-b). *Report a serious incident*. Workplace Safety and Health Branch. <https://gov.mb.ca/labour/safety/report-serious-incident.html>

Government of New Brunswick. (n.d.-a). *Burning during wildfire season*. <https://www.gnb.ca/en/topic/laws-safety/emergency-preparedness-alerts/wildfires/wildfire-season.html>

Government of New Brunswick. (n.d.-b). *Firefighter certification*. <https://www.gnb.ca/en/topic/jobs-workplaces/find-a-job/information-for-firefighters/firefighter-certification.html>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (n.d.). *Occupational health and safety*. Department of Government Services. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/gs/ohs/>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2009). *NL minimum training standards: Orientation level* (effective 2009-08-01). Fire and Emergency Services. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/jps/files/publications-nlafs-publication.pdf>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2013a). *Municipal fire department assessment criteria*. Fire and Emergency Services. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/jps/files/publications-municipal-firedepartmentassessmentcriteria.pdf>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2013b). *Structural fire fighting protective jacket and pants specification*. Fire and Emergency Services. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/jps/files/publications-fes-bunker-gear-specification-2013.pdf>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2014). *SCBA guidance document* (rev. April 2014). Fire and Emergency Services. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/jps/files/publications-scbaguidancedocument2014.pdf>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2025, January 20). *Applications open for fire protection vehicles and equipment funding programs* \[News release\]. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/releases/2025/jps/0120n03/>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2026a). *Forest fire season*. Wildfire management. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/fal/wildfiremanagement/forest-fire-season/>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2026b, May 1). *Forest fire season now in effect on Island of Newfoundland* \[News release\]. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/releases/2026/fal/0501n04/>

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2026c, July 22). \[News release on Budget 2026 support for volunteer fire departments, fire protection vehicles and equipment\]. <https://www.gov.nl.ca/releases/2026/fal/0722n03/>

Government of Nova Scotia. (n.d.). *Strengthening fire safety and services in Nova Scotia*. <https://novascotia.ca/modernized-firefighter-training/>

Government of Nova Scotia. (2023, March 7). *Burn restrictions begin March 15* \[News release\]. <https://news.novascotia.ca/en/2023/03/07/burn-restrictions-begin-march-15>

Government of Ontario. (2026). *Supporting Ontario’s Safe Employers program* (updated 2026-05-12). <https://www.ontario.ca/page/supporting-ontarios-safe-employers-program>

Government of Prince Edward Island. (2026). *Wildfire response in PEI*. <https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/land-and-environment/wildfire-response-in-pei>

Government of Saskatchewan. (n.d.-a). *Approved standards and practices*. <https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/safety-in-the-workplace/approved-standards-and-practices>

Government of Saskatchewan. (n.d.-b). *Report serious injuries, fatalities and dangerous occurrences*. <https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/safety-in-the-workplace/reporting-serious-injuries-fatalities-and-dangerous-occurrences>

Government of the Northwest Territories. (2025, December 16). *New defensive firefighter training materials help NWT communities build local capacity* \[News release\]. <https://www.gov.nt.ca/en/newsroom/new-defensive-firefighter-training-materials-help-nwt-communities-build-local-capacity>

Government of Yukon. (n.d.). *Apply for a burn permit*. <https://yukon.ca/en/apply-burn-permit>

Health and Safety Executive \[HSE\]. (n.d.). *Heroism in the fire and rescue service* \[Web page\]. <https://www.hse.gov.uk/services/fire/heroism.htm>

Health and Safety Executive \[HSE\]. (2010). *Striking the balance between operational and health and safety duties in the fire and rescue service* (with the Chief Fire Officers Association and the Fire Brigades Union). <https://lga.moderngov.co.uk/Data/Fire%20Commission/20100618/Agenda/Item%204%20-%20HSE%20fire%20statement%2012.3.10.pdf>

Health and Safety Executive \[HSE\]. (2013). *Managing for health and safety* (HSG65, 3rd ed.). <https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg65.htm>

Health Canada. (n.d.). *Fentanyl exposure: Protection, treatment, myths and facts* (adapted from U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2017). <https://cumming.ucalgary.ca/sites/default/files/teams/290/Fentanyl%20Exposure%20Protection%20Treatment%20Myths%20and%20Facts.pdf>

Health Canada. (2007). *Government of Canada radon guideline* (200 Bq/m³ action level; adopted 2007-06-09) \[Web page\]. <https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/radiation/radon/government-canada-radon-guideline.html>

Health Canada. (2016). *Health Canada authorizes use of naloxone nasal spray* \[News release\]. <https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2016/10/health-canada-authorizes-use-naloxone-nasal-spray.html>

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WorkSafeBC. (n.d.-d). *OHS policies: Policies for the Workers Compensation Act*. <https://www.worksafebc.com/en/law-policy/occupational-health-safety/searchable-ohs-regulation/ohs-policies/policies-for-the-workers-compensation-act>

WorkSafeBC. (n.d.-e). *Society fire brigades and volunteer firefighters*. <https://www.worksafebc.com/en/about-us/news-events/campaigns/society-fire-brigades-volunteer-firefighters>

WorkSafeBC. (2013). *OHS policy P2-21-2: Employer duties, workplace bullying and harassment* (effective 2013-11-01; in Policies for the Workers Compensation Act). <https://www.worksafebc.com/en/law-policy/occupational-health-safety/searchable-ohs-regulation/ohs-policies/policies-for-the-workers-compensation-act>

WorkSafeBC. (2026a). *Amendments to Part 31 (Firefighting) now in effect*. <https://www.worksafebc.com/en/about-us/news-events/announcements/2026/September/amendments-to-part-31-firefighting-now-in-effect>

WorkSafeBC. (2026b). Preparing for regulatory updates. *WorkSafe Magazine*, fall 2026. <https://www.worksafebc.com/en/about-us/news-events/worksafe-magazine/articles/2026/fall/preparing-for-regulatory-updates>

WorkSafeNB. (n.d.-a). *Interpretation: Firefighter training, fall protection* (N.B. Reg. 91-191, s. 49(6)(b)). <https://worksafenb.ca/interpretations/en/firefighter-training-fall-protection.html>

WorkSafeNB. (n.d.-b). *Online access to CSA standards* \[Web page\]. <https://www.worksafenb.ca/education-and-training/online-access-to-csa-standards/>

WorkSafeNB. (n.d.-c). *Psychological health and safety resource centre*. <https://mentalhealth.worksafenb.ca/>

WorkSafeNB. (n.d.-d). *Report an injury or illness*. <https://www.worksafenb.ca/employers/health-safety/report-an-injury-or-illness/>

WorkSafeNB. (n.d.-e). *WorkSafeNB home page* (programs and news). <https://www.worksafenb.ca/>

WorkSafeNB. (2011). *Interpretation: Fall protection and structural firefighting* (1999, revised 2011). <https://www.worksafenb.ca/policy-and-legal/legal/interpretations/>

WorkSafeNB. (2024). *Public consultation launched on proposed changes to the Firefighters’ Compensation Act* (news release, April 2024). <https://www.worksafenb.ca/about-us/news-and-events/news/2024/public-consultation-launched-on-proposed-changes-to-the-firefighters-compensation-act/>

WorkSafeNB. (2025). *Interpretation: First aid CSA standards, option to comply with newer editions* (2025-01-02). <https://www.worksafenb.ca/policy-and-legal/legal/interpretations/first-aid-csa-standards-option-to-comply-to-newer-editions>

Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board. (n.d.-a). *Certificate of Recognition and CHOICES*. <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/web-0044/resources/web-0047>

Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board. (n.d.-b). *Firefighter cancer presumption*. <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/web-0005/web-0010/firefighter-cancer-presumption>

Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board. (n.d.-c). *First aid resources*. <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/web-0044/resources/web-0049>

Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board. (n.d.-d). *Health and safety committees*. <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/web-0044/health-and-safety-committees>

Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board. (n.d.-e). *Psychological injuries*. <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/web-0005/web-0007/psychological-injuries>

Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board. (n.d.-f). *Report a serious incident or injury*. <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/web-0044/web-0060>

Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board. (2026). *Policy 7.9: Administrative penalties* (effective 2026-06-01). <https://www.wcb.yk.ca/policies/general-and-administrative/7-9-administrative-penalties>

### 5.2 The Human Factor materials (unpublished)

The Human Factor. (2025a). *Developing an effective cancer screening program* \[Conference presentation, generalized for this package\].

The Human Factor. (2025b). *Normalization of deviance in the fire service, parts 1 and 2* \[Conference presentation, CPSE Excellence Conference; generalized for this package\].

The Human Factor. (2026a). *After the Call, Manual 02: The three tiers and event triage* \[Unpublished manuscript\].

The Human Factor. (2026b). *After the Call, Manual 08: Model policy* \[Unpublished manuscript\].

The Human Factor. (2026c). *After the Call: The learning-system maturity model* (construct definitions, bands and limits) \[Unpublished manuscript\].

The Human Factor. (2026h). *NextCall Readiness Index: Construct map and limits* \[Unpublished instrument note\].

## References

This note is itself the reference list for the book; the entries above are its content. For the standards map, see [02 Standards and Law Master Map](https://thehumanfactor.ca/library/fire-service-safety/standards-and-law-master-map).