J01 OHS Legislation, Regulator and Enforcement

Law. Workers Compensation Act, Part 2 “Occupational Health and Safety”, ss. 13 to 117 (Workers Compensation Act [BC], 2019, ss. 13-117); Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, B.C. Reg. 296/97, including Part 31 “Firefighting” (Occupational Health and Safety Regulation [BC], 2026, Part 31). The Workers’ Compensation Board, operating as WorkSafeBC, administers both OHS and compensation (Workers Compensation Act [BC], 2019, s. 17).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. WorkSafeBC’s Prevention Information Line, 1-888-621-7233 (1-888-621-SAFE), takes reports of a fatality, serious incident or unsafe conditions 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (WorkSafeBC, n.d.-b).
• Posting. Post a notice saying where the Act and regulations can be read and keep a copy available (Workers Compensation Act [BC], 2019, s. 21(2)(f)); post committee names, the three most recent committee meeting reports and applicable orders for the preceding 12 months (s. 44); post orders and compliance reports as an order directs (ss. 84(2)(f), 88). WorkSafeBC’s “Notice to Workers” placard is posted at each workplace, and an inspection report stays posted for at least 7 days or until compliance, whichever is longer, and goes to the committee by its next meeting (Occupational Health and Safety Regulation [BC], 2026, ss. 2.5, 2.7).
• Orders. The Board may order anything regulated by the OHS provisions to be done (Workers Compensation Act [BC], 2019, s. 84); orders may be oral, confirmed in writing (s. 85); may require compliance reports, which the employer posts and gives to the committee (s. 88); and include orders to stop using unsafe equipment (s. 89) and stop-work orders where there is a high risk of serious injury, serious illness or death (s. 90).
• Review and appeal. A request for review goes to the Review Division within 90 days of the decision or order (s. 270(1)) and does not stay it unless the chief review officer orders otherwise (s. 270(3)); a review decision may be appealed to the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Tribunal within 30 days (s. 293(1)).
• Administrative penalties. An OHS citation of up to $1,312.96 for prescribed contraventions (s. 94), and a general administrative penalty of up to $816,148.69 (s. 95). Due diligence is a defence to the general penalty (s. 95(3)), and an employer penalized under s. 95 is not prosecuted on the same facts (s. 95(7)).
• Offences. First conviction: up to $893,241.75 plus $44,662.11 a day for a continuing offence, or 6 months, or both; subsequent conviction: up to $1,786,483.47 plus $89,324.18 a day, or 12 months, or both (s. 102). Amounts are adjusted for the consumer price index (s. 333), so check the current figure. Due diligence is a statutory defence (s. 100); a worker has a defence if the offence followed the employer’s or supervisor’s instructions despite the worker’s objection (s. 101). Prosecutions must start within 2 years (s. 99).

Fire-service nuance.

• Volunteers are covered: a “firefighter” is a member of a fire brigade “working with or without remuneration” (Workers Compensation Act [BC], 2019, s. 1), and since 2026-10-01 Part 31 reaches society fire brigades and fire personnel; see J11 Volunteer Firefighters and J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations.
• After a serious injury, death or close call at an emergency incident, the senior firefighter present impounds the protective equipment used until WorkSafeBC releases it (Occupational Health and Safety Regulation [BC], 2026, s. 31.7); build this into the serious-incident procedure on J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation.

Status. Verified against the official text on 2026-10-23 (Act current to 2026-10-13; regulation current to 2026-10-20); the reporting line was read on the regulator’s page. Dollar amounts are as printed in the consolidation, which notes they may not reflect the latest index adjustment. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.

Law. Occupational Health and Safety Act, S.A. 2020, c. O-2.2 (Occupational Health and Safety Act [AB], 2020); Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, Alta. Reg. 184/2021 (Occupational Health and Safety Regulation [AB], 2021); Occupational Health and Safety Code, Alta. Reg. 191/2021, which holds the technical rules (Occupational Health and Safety Code [AB], 2025). The regulator is Alberta Occupational Health and Safety, in the provincial ministry responsible for labour.

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. Call the OHS Contact Centre, 1-866-415-8690 (780-415-8690 locally), “as soon as possible” after a reportable injury or incident; potentially serious incidents are submitted online after the employer’s investigation (Government of Alberta, n.d.-g). The page does not say the line is staffed 24 hours a day.
• Posting and availability. Current copies of the Act, Regulation and Code must be readily available to workers, the committee and the representative (Occupational Health and Safety Act [AB], 2020, s. 3(5)). Orders are posted in a conspicuous place at the work site for as long as they are in effect, or provided electronically if workers and the committee have ready access (s. 55(1)-(4)).
• Orders. Officers issue compliance orders (s. 38), stop work orders (s. 39) and stop use orders (s. 40); a Director may vary them (s. 41).
• Appeal. To the Labour Relations Board, the appeal body for the Act, by notice served within 30 days of being served with the order or administrative penalty (s. 45(1)-(3)).
• Administrative penalties. Up to $10,000 for each contravention and for each day it continues, with notice within 2 years (s. 44(2), (4)). Tickets may also be issued (s. 54(d)); ticket amounts were not read.
• Offences. First offence: up to $500,000 plus $30,000 a day, or 6 months, or both; second or later: up to $1,000,000 plus $60,000 a day, or 12 months, or both; contravening a stop work order: up to $1,000,000 or 12 months; 2-year limitation (s. 48(1)-(3)). Courts may also make creative sentencing orders (s. 49).
• Due diligence. Not written into the Act; duties are qualified by “as far as it is reasonably practicable”, and the common-law defence applies.

Fire-service nuance.

• Alberta has no fire-service part in the Code; the general duties carry fireground safety; see J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations.
• Volunteers are “workers” because the definition includes a person who supplies services “for no monetary compensation” (Occupational Health and Safety Act [AB], 2020, s. 1(tt)); see J11 Volunteer Firefighters.
• Officers and the Contact Centre should be told early about any fireground event that meets a reporting trigger; how the uncontrolled-fire trigger applies to fires a department is fighting should be agreed with OHS; see J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation.

Status. Partly verified: the Act, Regulation and Code were read in the official consolidations (Act to 2025-06-11; Code to 2025-03-31) and the reporting page on 2026-10-23. Whether the Contact Centre is staffed around the clock and the ticket amounts were not confirmed.

Law. The Saskatchewan Employment Act, Part III “Occupational Health and Safety”, ss. 3-1 to 3-86 (The Saskatchewan Employment Act [SK], 2013, ss. 3-1 to 3-86); The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 2020, including Part 32 “Additional Protection for Firefighters” (The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 2020 [SK], 2021). The regulator is the ministry’s Occupational Health and Safety Division, with a director of OHS and occupational health officers (The Saskatchewan Employment Act [SK], 2013, ss. 3-3, 3-6).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. 1-800-567-7233, option 1; the number “is monitored for emergencies 24 hours a day, seven days a week” (Government of Saskatchewan, n.d.-b). No online serious-incident form was found.
• Posting. Committee members’ or the representative’s names (The Saskatchewan Employment Act [SK], 2013, s. 3-25). A compliance undertaking or notice of contravention goes to the committee or representative, or is posted where there is neither (s. 3-42).
• Enforcement tools. Officers use compliance undertakings and notices of contravention, with progress reports and, for serious risk, immediate requirements (ss. 3-38 to 3-46).
• Appeal. To the director of OHS within 15 business days of service of the officer’s decision (s. 3-53(1)-(2)), then to an adjudicator within 15 business days of the director’s decision (s. 3-56); an appeal does not stay the decision unless ordered (s. 3-57).
• Offences. Contravention causing death or serious injury: up to $500,000, a corporation up to $1,500,000, an individual up to 2 years’ imprisonment; contravention likely to cause death or serious injury: up to $100,000 first and $200,000 subsequent, plus $10,000 or $20,000 a day; any other contravention: up to $20,000 first and $40,000 subsequent, plus daily amounts; 2-year limitation (ss. 3-79, 3-82).
• Administrative penalties. None in Part III; summary offence tickets exist under separate ticketing regulations.
• Due diligence. Not written in as a defence, but the accused must prove that it was not reasonably practicable to do more, and that training met the requirements (ss. 3-80, 3-81).

Fire-service nuance.

• Part 32 applies to firefighters engaged “on a full-time or part-time basis”; unpaid volunteers are workers only for the harassment and violence duties (The Saskatchewan Employment Act [SK], 2013, s. 3-1(6)); see J11 Volunteer Firefighters.
• The regulations show no amendment after 2021; where they conflict with later Act amendments, rely on the Act.

Status. Partly verified: the Act (to 2025-12-31) and the regulations (to 2021-04-01) were read in the King’s Printer consolidations, and the reporting page on 2026-10-23. Ticket amounts were not read.

Law. The Workplace Safety and Health Act, C.C.S.M. c. W210 (The Workplace Safety and Health Act [MB], 2026); Workplace Safety and Health Regulation, Man. Reg. 217/2006, including Part 42 “Firefighters” (Workplace Safety and Health Regulation [MB], 2026, Part 42). The regulator is the Workplace Safety and Health Branch of the department responsible for labour (The Workplace Safety and Health Act [MB], 2026, s. 1); prevention programs sit with SAFE Work Manitoba.

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. 1-855-957-7233 (204-957-7233 locally), option 1; “call any time to report serious workplace incidents, injuries or fatalities”; no online serious-incident form (Government of Manitoba, n.d.-b).
• Posting. Committee members’ names (The Workplace Safety and Health Act [MB], 2026, s. 40(9)); the representative’s name (s. 41(3)); where there is no committee or representative, an improvement order is posted at or near the workplace for 7 days or until compliance, whichever is longer (s. 36.3(2)). The Act, regulations and applicable codes of practice must be readily accessible (Workplace Safety and Health Regulation [MB], 2026, s. 2.3).
• Orders. Improvement orders (The Workplace Safety and Health Act [MB], 2026, s. 26) and stop work orders (s. 36).
• Appeal. To the director by written notice within 14 days of the order (s. 37(1)-(2)), then to the Manitoba Labour Board within 14 days of the director’s decision (s. 39(1)-(2)).
• Administrative penalties. Up to $5,000, including for failing to notify a serious incident; appeal to the Board within 14 days (s. 53.1(1)(a.1), (4), (5)(c)).
• Offences. First offence: up to $500,000 plus $50,000 a day; subsequent: up to $1,000,000 plus $100,000 a day; plus up to 6 months’ imprisonment; prosecutions within 2 years; the court may order an education payment within the maximum; directors and officers who take part are parties (ss. 55, 55.1, 56). The accused must prove it was not reasonably practicable to do more (s. 57(1)).

Fire-service nuance.

• A supervisor convicted of requiring work in a known dangerous condition may not work in a supervisory capacity at any workplace for six months after the conviction (The Workplace Safety and Health Act [MB], 2026, ss. 43.3(1), 55(4)); see J02 Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors.
• Failure of an atmosphere-supplying respirator, and a fire, explosion or collapse at a workplace, are reportable serious incidents; see J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation.

Status. Verified against the official text on 2026-10-23 (Act and regulation current to 2026-10-20); the reporting page was read on 2026-10-23. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.

Law. Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. O.1 (Occupational Health and Safety Act [ON], 1990); O. Reg. 714/94 “Firefighters: Protective Equipment” is the only fire-specific regulation (Firefighters: Protective Equipment [ON], 2026); see J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations. The regulator is the Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development, which the Act calls the Ministry of Labour; the Chief Prevention Officer leads prevention (Occupational Health and Safety Act [ON], 1990, s. 22.3).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. The Health and Safety Contact Centre, 1-877-202-0008, “operates 24/7”; after a death or critical injury the employer must immediately notify the ministry, the joint committee or representative and the union (MLITSD, 2024).
• Posting. A copy of the Act and the ministry’s explanatory material, in English and the majority language of the workplace (Occupational Health and Safety Act [ON], 1990, s. 25(2)(i)); the OHS policy (s. 25(2)(k)); committee members’ names and work locations (s. 9(32)); inspectors’ orders and reports, which are also given to the committee (s. 57(10)); and a notice of compliance with the order for 14 days (s. 59(3)). Posting may be electronic where the Act allows it.
• Orders. Compliance orders, oral or written, with a compliance plan if required (s. 57(1)-(5)); where there is danger, orders not to use equipment, to stop work, or to clear and isolate an area (s. 57(6)). The employer submits a notice of compliance within 3 days of achieving compliance, with a statement from a worker member of the committee or the representative (s. 59(1)-(2)).
• Appeal. To the Ontario Labour Relations Board within 30 days of the order (s. 61(1)).
• Offences. Individual: up to $500,000 or 12 months, or both; corporation: up to $2,000,000, with a minimum of $500,000 for a second or later offence causing death or serious injury within two years; directors and officers who breach s. 32: up to $1,500,000 or 12 months (s. 66(1)-(2.1)). Courts must weigh listed aggravating factors (s. 66(2.2)).
• Due diligence. A statutory defence applies only to prosecutions under ss. 23(1), 25(1)(b)-(d) and 27(1) (s. 66(3)); the acts of managers, supervisors and agents are the employer’s acts (s. 66(4)).
• Administrative penalties. Authorized since 2025-11-27 (s. 69.1); the prescribing regulation so far covers only a single contravention, outside fire department operations (Administrative Penalties [ON], 2025, s. 1).

Fire-service nuance.

• The Ontario Fire Service Section 21 Advisory Committee’s guidance notes show inspectors what precautions are reasonable; see J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations.
• Captains, lieutenants and acting officers are supervisors with personal duties and must complete awareness training within one week; see J02 Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors.
• The certified-member work stoppage powers do not apply at a workplace where firefighters are employed (Occupational Health and Safety Act [ON], 1990, s. 44(2)(a)); see J07 Right to Refuse and Reprisal Protection.

Status. Verified against the official text on 2026-10-23 (Act from 2025-11-27 to the e-Laws currency date); the 24/7 line was read on the ministry page (updated 2024-01-02). O. Reg. 365/25 was not read. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.

Law. Act respecting occupational health and safety, CQLR c. S-2.1 (Act respecting occupational health and safety [QC], 2026); Regulation respecting occupational health and safety, CQLR c. S-2.1, r. 13 (Regulation respecting occupational health and safety [QC], 2026); Regulation respecting prevention and participation mechanisms in an establishment, CQLR c. S-2.1, r. 8.3, in force 2025-10-01 (Regulation respecting prevention and participation mechanisms in an establishment [QC], 2026). The regulator is the Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. CNESST, 1-844-838-0808; option 1 reaches the on-call inspector (“inspecteur de garde”) for a dangerous situation (CNESST, n.d.-c). The employer must inform the CNESST “by the most rapid means of communication” and send a written report within 24 hours of a reportable event (Act respecting occupational health and safety [QC], 2026, s. 62); see J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation.
• Posting. The names of the people the employer has made responsible for health and safety (s. 51(2)); information sent by the CNESST and public health authorities (s. 51(10)); committee members’ names (s. 80); and, where there is no committee, the inspector’s remedial orders (s. 183).
• Orders. Remedial orders with a compliance deadline (s. 182); suspension of work or closure of a workplace, with seals if necessary, where health, safety or physical or mental well-being is endangered (s. 186). Workers are deemed at work, with pay, during a suspension (s. 187).
• Review and appeal. A review by the CNESST within 10 days of notification of the inspector’s order or decision (s. 191.1); the review decision takes effect immediately (s. 192) and may be contested before the Administrative Labour Tribunal within 10 days (s. 193).
• Offences. Any contravention: a legal person $1,500 to $3,000 (first), $3,000 to $6,000 (second), $6,000 to $12,000 (third or later); a natural person $600 to $1,500, $1,500 to $3,000 and $3,000 to $6,000 (s. 236). An act or omission that directly and seriously compromises a worker’s health, safety or physical or mental well-being: a legal person $15,000 to $60,000, $30,000 to $150,000 and $60,000 to $300,000; a natural person $1,500 to $3,000, $3,000 to $6,000 and $6,000 to $12,000 (s. 237). These are base amounts, revalued every 1 January (s. 237.1); the current indexed amounts were not read.
• Defences and parties. The employer is liable for offences by its agents and workers unless it shows the offence was committed without its knowledge or consent and despite measures taken to prevent it (s. 239); a worker who acted on the employer’s formal instructions despite objecting is released (s. 240); directors, officers, employees and agents who prescribed, authorized or consented to a legal person’s offence are deemed parties (s. 241). The CNESST and certified associations may prosecute (s. 242).
• Administrative penalties. None in the Act.

Fire-service nuance.

• Quebec has no fire-specific OHS regulation, so the CNESST enforces fireground safety through the employer’s general duties in s. 51; its investigations of firefighter deaths are summarized on J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations.
• Since 2021 the employer’s duty covers “physical and mental well-being” (s. 51), so psychological hazards are inside every order and investigation; see J28 Psychological Health and Safety.

Status. Partly verified: the Act (to 2026-08-12) and regulations (to 2026-07-01) were read in LégisQuébec, and the CNESST contact page on 2026-10-23. The indexed 2026 fine amounts were not read.

Law. Occupational Health and Safety Act, S.N.B. 1983, c. O-0.2 (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NB], 1983); General Regulation 91-191, including Part VII.1 on firefighter equipment (General Regulation: Occupational Health and Safety Act [NB], 2026, Part VII.1). The regulator is the Workplace Health, Safety and Compensation Commission, operating as WorkSafeNB (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NB], 1983, ss. 1, 5).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. “Immediate notification can be made by calling 1 800 999-9775” (WorkSafeNB, n.d.-d). The page does not say the line is staffed 24 hours a day. There is no online channel for immediate notice.
• Posting. Committee members’ names and the most recent minutes (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NB], 1983, s. 14(9)); copies of officers’ orders (s. 36).
• Orders. Officers give orders orally or in writing, confirmed in writing before leaving (s. 31), and may order work suspended, the source of danger guarded or controlled, or equipment taken out of use (s. 32).
• Appeal. To the Chief Compliance Officer within 14 days of service of an order or a notice of administrative penalty (s. 37(1), (1.01)); the appeal does not suspend the order unless the Chief Compliance Officer orders it (s. 37(2)); a further appeal lies to the Workers’ Compensation Appeals Tribunal (s. 37(2.1)).
• Administrative penalties. Employer, contracting employer, contractor, subcontractor or supplier: $500, $1,000 and $2,000 for a first, second and third or later penalty; supervisor or owner: $250, $500, $1,000; employee: $100, $200, $500; the count resets after 3 years without a penalty (s. 36.3). A person cannot be both penalized and charged for the same contravention (s. 36.2).
• Offences. Up to $250,000 or 6 months, or both, each day a separate offence; creative-sentencing payments within the $250,000 cap; convictions published (ss. 47, 47.01, 47.02, 47.3). Prosecution within 2 years of the later of the offence and the Commission’s awareness (s. 48). Corporate officers and directors who direct or acquiesce are parties (s. 49).
• Due diligence. No express statutory defence; duties are framed as “every reasonable precaution”.

Fire-service nuance.

• The supervisor tier of administrative penalties reaches captains and lieutenants personally; see J02 Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors.
• In rural districts the Minister provides fire protection, so the OHS employer of a rural brigade should be identified in writing; see J11 Volunteer Firefighters.

Status. Partly verified: the Act (to 2024-06-07) and regulation (to 2026-06-30) were read in the official consolidations, and the reporting page on 2026-10-23. Whether the line is staffed around the clock was not stated.

Law. Occupational Health and Safety Act, S.N.S. 1996, c. 7, as amended by the Stronger Workplaces for Nova Scotia Act (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NS], 1996); Workplace Health and Safety Regulations, N.S. Reg. 52/2013 (Workplace Health and Safety Regulations [NS], 2025); Occupational Safety General Regulations, N.S. Reg. 44/99 (Occupational Safety General Regulations [NS], 2025). The regulator is the Occupational Health and Safety Division of the Department of Labour, Skills and Immigration, led by the Executive Director of OHS, called the Director (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NS], 1996, ss. 3(l), 3(n), 8).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. The Division’s 24-hour line, 1-800-952-2687 (902-424-5400 locally), with email to [email protected] (Nova Scotia Department of Labour, Skills and Immigration, n.d.-g).
• Posting. A current copy of the Act; any required code of practice; a current telephone number for reporting concerns to the Division; and the OHS policy where one is required (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NS], 1996, s. 38(1)(b)); committee members’ or the representative’s names and contact information, and the latest committee minutes until superseded (s. 37); the regulations that apply must be available (s. 38(1)(a)). Orders, notices of appeal and deviation decisions are also posted or communicated (ss. 39, 69(4), 83).
• Orders. Orders may be oral or written, with a time for compliance (s. 55(1)-(3)); where there is danger, an officer may order a thing not used, work stopped, or an area cleared and isolated, and, for a repeat offender whose breach risked serious injury or death, extend a stop-work order to its other workplaces (s. 55(4), (4A)). A compliance notice is due within the time the order sets (s. 56).
• Review and appeal. The Director may review an officer’s order on the Director’s own motion within 30 days of service (Workplace Health and Safety Regulations [NS], 2025, s. 30.3; Occupational Health and Safety Act [NS], 1996, s. 67). An aggrieved person appeals to the Labour Board by notice filed within 30 days after service (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NS], 1996, s. 69(2A)); the appeal does not suspend the order unless the Board orders it (s. 69(7), (9)). The appellant carries the onus on a balance of probabilities (Workplace Health and Safety Regulations [NS], 2025, s. 30.5).
• Administrative penalties. An officer may impose one on a person who has been issued an order, by notice served within 14 days of the written order (s. 31.3). Employer, contractor, constructor, supplier, OHS service provider, architect or engineer: $500, $1,000, $2,000 for a first, second and third or later penalty within 3 years; an employee with supervision responsibilities, owner or self-employed person: $250, $500, $1,000; an employee: $100, $200, $500 (s. 31.5). A penalty may be imposed for each day a contravention continues (s. 31.6) and does not end the duty to comply (s. 31.7).
• Offences. Up to $250,000; up to $500,000 for a second offence within five years of a previous conviction or where the offence resulted in a fatality; up to $25,000 a day for a continuing offence; and up to two years’ imprisonment (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NS], 1996, s. 74). Courts may order publication, payment for OHS initiatives and other conditions (s. 75). Prosecution within two years of the later of the offence and an officer learning of it (s. 79).
• Deemed acts and participation. In a prosecution of an employer, the act or omission of a manager, superintendent or other person who exercises management functions is the employer’s, unless the employer proves it took every reasonable precaution and did not know of or consent to it (s. 76). An officer, director, manager or agent of a corporation who directs, authorizes, assents to, acquiesces in or participates in an offence is guilty of it (s. 77).

Fire-service nuance.

• A municipality is a corporation, so s. 77 can reach chief officers who direct or acquiesce in a contravention (interpretation); see J02 Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors.
• The supervisory tier of administrative penalties reaches captains and lieutenants personally.
• An officer’s physical inspection gives a worker member of the committee or the representative the right to accompany the officer, on paid time (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NS], 1996, s. 50).
• The Division’s web page of statutory timelines still shows 14-day and 21-day appeal periods from before the 2013 amendments (Nova Scotia Department of Labour, Skills and Immigration, n.d.-j); the Act’s 30-day period in s. 69(2A) governs.

Status. Verified on 2026-10-23 against the consolidated Act (to 2025-09-01) and Workplace Health and Safety Regulations (to NS Reg 163/2025), read in a reproduction of the official consolidation because the Legislature’s site could not be reached. The 24-hour number comes from secondary sources and the Division’s posting guide. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.

Law. Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.P.E.I. 1988, c. O-1.01 (Occupational Health and Safety Act [PE], 1988); General Regulations, P.E.I. Reg. EC180/87, and other regulations under the Act (Occupational Health and Safety Act General Regulations [PE], 2025). The Workers Compensation Board of Prince Edward Island administers the Act through its Occupational Health and Safety Division, headed by a Director (Occupational Health and Safety Act [PE], 1988, ss. 4-5).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. The 24-hour OHS Emergency Line, 902-628-7513; serious injuries must be reported immediately by telephone, and there is no online serious-injury form (Workers Compensation Board of Prince Edward Island, n.d.-b).
• Posting. An officer’s written order is posted in a conspicuous place, and copies go to the committee or representative and to any complainant (Occupational Health and Safety Act [PE], 1988, s. 8(7)); committee members’ or the representative’s names and contact details and the latest committee minutes (s. 27(7)); any required code of practice, a current telephone number for reporting OHS concerns, and the OHS policy where one is required (s. 27(8)(b)); other required postings stay up for at least seven days (s. 27(9)).
• Orders. Officers make orders under s. 8, including orders to stop work or isolate a workplace (s. 8(4)); no one may require entry to an isolated workplace except to remove the danger (s. 9).
• Appeal. To the Director, orally or in writing, as promptly as practicable; the Director may stay the order (s. 10). The Director’s decision may be appealed to the Board within 30 days, and the appointed arbitrator’s decision is final (s. 11).
• Offences. Up to $250,000 or one month’s imprisonment, or both, plus up to $5,000 for each day the offence continues; corporate officers and directors who directed, authorized, assented to, acquiesced in or participated are liable (s. 43). Courts may add publication, payments for education and community service (s. 44). Prosecutions within 2 years (s. 43.1).
• Administrative penalties and due diligence. No administrative penalties, and no statutory due diligence clause; the common-law defence applies.

Fire-service nuance.

• PEI has no fire-specific OHS regulation or guidance, so officers enforce the general duty to take every reasonable precaution; see J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations.
• Volunteers are probably “workers” under the broad definition (a person “in a workplace for any purpose in connection therewith”), but the Act does not say so expressly (s. 1(x)); see J11 Volunteer Firefighters.

Status. Verified against the official consolidation (to 2023-08-01) and the WCB reporting page on 2026-10-23. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.

Law. Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. O-3, modernized by S.N.L. 2023, c. 15 from 2024-03-01 (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NL], 1990); Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 2012, N.L.R. 5/12 (Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 2012 [NL], 2026). Enforcement sits with the Occupational Health and Safety Division of the Department of Government Services; WorkplaceNL sets certification training standards and runs prevention and compensation.

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. The 24-hour accident reporting line, 1-709-729-4444; the Division’s general line is 709-729-2706 or 1-800-563-5471 (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, n.d.).
• Posting. Committee minutes are kept, filed with WorkplaceNL and posted (Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 2012 [NL], 2026, s. 25(2)); see J05 Joint Committee and Health and Safety Representative.
• Orders. Officers’ orders include stop work orders, during which an affected worker may be reassigned but keeps full pay and benefits (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NL], 1990, ss. 27-30).
• Appeal. To the assistant deputy minister, in writing, within 7 days of the order; the investigation starts within 24 hours (s. 32). Then to the Labour Relations Board within 30 days (s. 33). An appeal does not stay the order unless the assistant deputy minister or the Board orders it (s. 34).
• Offences. Individual: $500 to $250,000, or up to 12 months, or both; corporation: $2,000 to $250,000; plus up to $25,000 a day for a continuing offence (s. 67). Officers and directors who acquiesce are liable (s. 68); creative sentencing orders are available (s. 69); prosecution within 2 years of the offence or the Division becoming aware (s. 70).
• Administrative penalties and due diligence. None in the Act; duties are qualified by “where it is reasonably practicable”, and the common-law defence applies.

Fire-service nuance.

• The Act was rewritten in 2024; committee thresholds moved from 10 to 20 workers and supervisors’ duties were restated; see J05 Joint Committee and Health and Safety Representative and J02 Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors.
• A worker “shall not” carry out work where an imminent danger exists, with no emergency-services exception (Occupational Health and Safety Act [NL], 1990, s. 8); see J07 Right to Refuse and Reprisal Protection.

Status. Verified against the official consolidations (Act through SNL 2023, c 15; regulations to NLR 48/26) and the Division’s pages on 2026-10-23. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.

Law. Workers’ Safety and Compensation Act, S.Y. 2021, c. 11, in force 2022-07-01, Part 3 (workplace health and safety) and Part 4 (compensation) (Workers’ Safety and Compensation Act [YT], 2021); Workplace Health and Safety Regulations, Y.O.I.C. 2006/178, formerly the OHS Regulations, including Part 11 “Firefighting” (Workplace Health and Safety Regulations [YT], 2022). The regulator is the Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board, whose safety officers are appointed under the Act (Workers’ Safety and Compensation Act [YT], 2021, s. 59).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. The 24-hour serious-incident line, 867-667-5450 or 1-800-661-0443; reports are by telephone and no online serious-incident form was found (Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board, n.d.-f).
• Posting. Committee members’ and representatives’ names (Workers’ Safety and Compensation Act [YT], 2021, s. 43).
• Administrative penalties. Up to $250,000 plus up to $15,000 a day; notice within one year; reconsideration within 21 days, then appeal within 21 days (ss. 174-177). Base amounts since 2026-06-01 for a first, second and third penalty within three years: employer, owner, prime contractor or supplier $2,500, $5,000, $10,000; supervisor $750, $1,500, $3,000; worker $250, $500, $1,000; each base doubles for each aggravating factor (a high-risk violation, an intentional or reckless contravention, a breach of a stop-use or stop-work order, a serious injury or death) (Yukon Workers’ Safety and Compensation Board, 2026).
• Offences. First offence: up to $500,000 plus up to $50,000 a day; second or later: up to $1,000,000 plus up to $100,000 a day; imprisonment up to two years; creative sentencing; directors and officers liable (Workers’ Safety and Compensation Act [YT], 2021, s. 170). Two-year limitation (s. 171); only the board may prosecute (s. 172).
• Orders and appeals. Officers issue orders including stop-work and stop-use orders; the review and appeal periods for orders were not confirmed in the text read.
• Due diligence. No statutory clause; duties are qualified by “as far as is reasonably practicable”.

Fire-service nuance.

• “Worker” expressly includes a volunteer, and Part 11 applies to volunteer firefighting in municipal service (Workers’ Safety and Compensation Act [YT], 2021, s. 25; Workplace Health and Safety Regulations [YT], 2022, s. 11.02); see J11 Volunteer Firefighters.
• The board’s web page on penalties still shows a $150 worker base and imprisonment of up to 48 months; the Act (two years) and the 2026 policy govern.

Status. Partly verified: the Act was read in the Legislative Counsel consolidation captured 2024-12-25 (later amendments not checked), the regulations in the board’s official rendering, and the board’s pages and Policy 7.9 on 2026-10-23. Order appeal periods.

Law. Safety Act, R.S.N.W.T. 1988, c. S-1 (Safety Act [NT], 1988); Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, N.W.T. Reg. 039-2015, including Part 32 “Additional Protection for Firefighters” (Occupational Health and Safety Regulations [NT], 2024). The regulator is the Workers’ Safety and Compensation Commission (WSCC), shared with Nunavut; the Chief Safety Officer and safety officers act under the Act (Safety Act [NT], 1988, ss. 18-19). Codes of practice issued under the Act are admissible in a prosecution (s. 22.1).

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. The WSCC 24-hour Incident Reporting Line, 1-800-661-0792; the written Employer’s Report of Incident is filed through the WSCC Connect e-service within three business days (WSCC, 2025b).
• Posting. A copy of the Act and regulations kept for workers’ reference (Safety Act [NT], 1988, s. 6(a)); a notice of imminent danger posted under s. 15; a safety officer’s written communications kept readily available for at least 30 days and copied to the committee or representative (Occupational Health and Safety Regulations [NT], 2024, s. 53); committee minutes posted (s. 43(c)).
• Directions. Safety officers give directions arising out of inspections (Safety Act [NT], 1988, s. 12) and may act on an imminent danger (s. 14).
• Appeal. To the Chief Safety Officer within 30 days of the direction or decision, who decides within 30 days (s. 16); then to a judge of the Supreme Court within 10 days of service of that decision (s. 17). An appeal does not stay a direction not to use a place or thing (s. 17(2)).
• Offences. An employer, or a person acting for an employer or in charge of an establishment: up to $500,000 or one year, or both; a worker: up to $50,000 or six months; a worker who condoned the employer’s offence: up to $25,000 or one month; a supplier: up to $500,000 or one year (s. 22). Proceedings may not start more than one year after the offence was reported to the Chief Safety Officer (s. 24).
• Administrative penalties and due diligence. None under the Safety Act (prescribed penalties exist under the compensation Act for late reports). No statutory due diligence clause; a duty to ensure another person’s conduct is met by taking “all reasonably practicable steps” (Occupational Health and Safety Regulations [NT], 2024, s. 4(8)).

Fire-service nuance.

• The WSCC’s firefighter code of practice is in effect and is evidence of what is reasonable; see J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations.
• The Chief Safety Officer may, at the Fire Marshal’s request, exempt a volunteer fire department from Part 32 for up to one year (Occupational Health and Safety Regulations [NT], 2024, s. 477); see J11 Volunteer Firefighters.

Status. Verified against the Justice consolidations (Act to 2023-10-06; regulations to 2024-09-26), read through the laws.opennwt.ca mirror, and the WSCC reporting page on 2026-10-23. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.

Law. Safety Act, R.S.N.W.T. (Nu.) 1988, c. S-1 (Safety Act [NU], 1988); Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, Nu. Reg. 003-2016, in force 2016-03-29, including Part 32 (Occupational Health and Safety Regulations [NU], 2021). The regulator is the same Workers’ Safety and Compensation Commission.

What must be covered.

• Reporting line. The WSCC 24-hour Incident Reporting Line, 1-800-661-0792, and the Employer’s Report of Incident on WSCC Connect (WSCC, 2025b).
• Posting, directions and appeals. The Nunavut Act carries the same structure as the Northwest Territories Act: Act and regulations kept available (Safety Act [NU], 1988, s. 6), directions arising out of inspections (s. 12), appeal to the Chief Safety Officer within 30 days (s. 16) and then to a judge (s. 17).
• Offences. Employer up to $500,000 or one year; worker up to $50,000 or six months; a worker who condoned the offence up to $25,000 or one month; supplier up to $500,000 or one year (s. 22); limitation under s. 24.
• Administrative penalties. None under the Safety Act.

Fire-service nuance.

• The regulations are substantively identical to the Northwest Territories’, with the same section numbers, and the WSCC firefighter code of practice applies in Nunavut from 2017-12-21; see J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations.

Status. Partly verified: the regulations (official consolidation to 2021-09-28, with 2025 amendments) were read; the Safety Act consolidation read is current only to 2016-06-19, and a later Legislation Act amendment was not read.

Law. Canada Labour Code, Part II “Occupational Health and Safety”, ss. 122 to 160 (Canada Labour Code [CA], 1985, ss. 122-160); Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, SOR/86-304 (Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations [CA], 2026); Administrative Monetary Penalties (Canada Labour Code) Regulations, SOR/2020-260 (Administrative Monetary Penalties (Canada Labour Code) Regulations [CA], 2026). The Minister of Labour enforces Part II through the Head of Compliance and Enforcement and Labour Program health and safety officers (Canada Labour Code [CA], 1985, s. 122.21); appeals go to the Canada Industrial Relations Board.

What must be covered.

• When federal law applies instead. Part II covers federal works, undertakings and businesses, such as airports and airport authorities, except works “of a local or private nature” in Yukon, the Northwest Territories or Nunavut; federal Crown corporations; and the federal public administration to the extent provided under the Federal Public Sector Labour Relations Act (s. 123). So an airport authority’s own fire service and Department of National Defence civilian firefighters are federal; a territorial municipal fire department is not. A municipal department providing airport firefighting under contract stays provincially regulated.
• Reporting line. The Labour Program, 1-800-641-4049, “emergency services 24 hours”, for a serious injury, death or refusal to work (Employment and Social Development Canada, 2025).
• Posting and availability. Make available, in printed and electronic form, Part II and the applicable regulations and a statement of the employer’s general health and safety policy (Canada Labour Code [CA], 1985, s. 125(1)(d)); post the names, work telephone numbers and work locations of committee members or the representative (s. 125(1)(z.17)).
• Directions and appeal. Where a provision is being or has recently been contravened, the Head may direct the employer or employee to stop the contravention, and may issue directions where there is danger (s. 145). An employer, employee or union may appeal a direction to the Board in writing within 30 days; the appeal does not stay it unless the Board orders otherwise (s. 146).
• Administrative monetary penalties. Up to $250,000 per violation (s. 270(2)); baseline amounts by violation type range from $200 to $4,000 for an individual and from $2,000 to $50,000 for a “large business or department”, and a history of non-compliance in the previous five years adds an amount equal to twice the baseline (Administrative Monetary Penalties (Canada Labour Code) Regulations [CA], 2026, ss. 4, 6, Sch. 3).
• Offences. On indictment, up to $1,000,000 or two years, or both; on summary conviction, up to $100,000; a contravention causing death, serious illness or serious injury, or a wilful contravention, up to $1,000,000 (Canada Labour Code [CA], 1985, s. 148(1)-(3)). Due diligence is a defence to every contravention except ss. 125(1)(c), (z.10) and (z.11) (s. 148(4)). Prosecution needs the Minister’s consent (s. 149(1)).

Fire-service nuance.

• Canadian Armed Forces members do not hold positions in the public service and appear to fall outside Part II; the Department of National Defence applies its own safety program to them.
• Whether a First Nations band-council fire service is federally regulated depends on its activities; get legal advice case by case.
• The Criminal Code duty in s. 217.1 applies to every fire department in Canada, provincial, territorial or federal; see “Due diligence and the Criminal Code, everywhere” above.

Status. Verified against the Justice Laws consolidations (current to 2026-09-30) and the Labour Program contact page on 2026-10-23. The positions of Canadian Armed Forces members and First Nations fire services are not settled here. Section numbers, thresholds and amounts re-checked against the same consolidations on 2026-10-24.