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Checklist

Checklist - Training Safety and Live Fire

Document FSSMS-AUD-P08All stagesRevision 4Version 0.3.3

Topic pages open on your jurisdiction, and requirements tables show its line. You can change this on any page.

1. Scope

This program checklist audits Training Safety and Live Fire Program (FSSMS-PRG-08), the training safety clauses of Policy - Training and Competency (FSSMS-POL-11), SWP - Live Fire Training Evolutions, SWP - Training Tower and Prop Inspection and Form - Training Evolution Risk Assessment and Live Fire Go-No-Go: program governance; risk assessment and the training safety officer; instructor qualification; participants; live fire evolutions; acquired structures; props, towers and burn buildings; driver training grounds; heat, hydration and rehab; training injuries, near misses and drift; records; psychological safety and the accountability loop. The question in every item is whether training is the safest work members do, because it is the one place the department controls every variable.

It is the program team’s instrument for the annual appraisal and for spot-audits. In the annual internal audit it deepens items 5.6.1 to 5.6.8 of Checklist - Training and Competency (category 5); the audit plan states once whether this checklist replaces those items or is scored on the spare row 21 of the roll-up worksheet, so no item is counted twice. Category 5 keeps the system questions (needs analysis, certification floor, orientation, supervisor competency, the records system, volunteer access). Where the department does not burn, sections E and F are marked not applicable with the reason; where its members attend another agency’s burns, items 10, 13 and 16 to 27 are scored on the department’s check of the host’s plan.

2. Criteria

The CFAI column crosswalks each item to the 10th edition performance indicator where one applies (CPSE, 2019); core competencies are marked CC. The 10th edition has no discrete training safety indicator, so the program supplies the evidence for the training and safety criteria listed.

Source What it requires Items
Applicable OHS statute and regulations: the general duty and written procedures (J02 Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors; J06 Written Procedures and Committee Consultation); the firefighter PPE, SCBA, buddy and fit-test rules, which apply in training as on the fireground (J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations; J13 Firefighter PPE and Protective Equipment; J14 Respiratory Protection, Fit Testing and Breathing Air); equipment inspected before use and at set intervals (J15 Equipment Inspection, Ladders and Aerial Devices); fall protection (J16 Fall Protection and Rope Access); asbestos in acquired structures and burn permits (J21 WHMIS, Hazardous Materials and Asbestos; J35 Wildland and Interface Fire); serious-injury reporting and record retention (J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation; J09 Records Retention) Legal floor for training work 1, 4, 13, 16, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 42, 43
NFPA 1403 (NFPA 1403, 2024) consolidating into NFPA 1400 (NFPA 1400, 2026): live fire roles, the pre-burn plan, walk-through, fuel, one fire, ratio, rapid intervention crew, backup line, EMS, acquired structures, training facilities and props Live fire and facility controls 16 to 34
NFPA 1550 (NFPA 1550, 2024, ch. 5 and ch. 7) Training safety officer authority and competencies; training mirrors operations 4 to 8, 23, 27
NFPA 1020 (NFPA 1020, 2025), the professional qualifications standard for fire and emergency services instructors, fire officers and EMS officers, which absorbed NFPA 1041 (2019 edition) Instructor, live fire instructor and instructor-in-charge qualifications 9 to 12
NFPA 1010 (NFPA 1010, 2024, ch. 6) Participant prerequisites 13
NFPA 1580 (NFPA 1580, 2025) Medical status and rehabilitation in training 13, 37, 38
CSA Z1001 (CSA Z1001-18) Managed training: evaluation, records 2, 39, 43
CFAI categories 8 and 11A (CPSE, 2019, criteria 8A.3, 8B.1, 8B.5, 8B.6, 8C.1, 8C.2, 8C.5, 8C.6, 8C.8, 11A.3, 11A.5 to 11A.7, 11A.9, 11A.12) Training program performance, resources and safety As marked
The reference live fire death and its departures from the standard (NIOSH, 2008, report F2007-09) Every departure is an item 10, 13, 16 to 27
Drift (Vaughan, 1996); just culture (Dekker, 2016); psychological safety (Edmondson, 1999)DOI “Which of these are normal here?”; self-removal without consequence 15, 41, 45

3. How to score

  1. Score D, I and E for each item 0 to 3, then derive the item score (01 Audit Program section 5).
  2. Both-required evidence codes (D+I, D+O, O+I) need each type before I can exceed 1.
  3. Weights C3, K2, S1; L items must score at least 2 or the checklist fails its legislated floor.
  4. Score = sum(weight x item score) / sum(weight x 3). The effectiveness index uses E.
  5. Record a finding, owner and due date for every item below 3, and give each finding its grade and priority (01 Audit Program section 6): a major nonconformity is P1 (Imminent) or P2 (Serious) by risk, a minor nonconformity P3 (Moderate), an opportunity for improvement P4 (Improvement). Every finding enters the Corrective Action Register within five working days (a P1 the day it is found), with the due dates its priority sets.

4. Checklist

# Item Stage Wt Evid CFAI Scoring anchors (1 / 2 / 3) D I E Score Finding Owner Due
A. Program governance
1 The training policy and the training safety program are adopted, consulted with the JOHSC and reviewed on schedule; the live fire standard is adopted by policy and its current edition is held S1 K2 L D 8A.3 1: drafts / 2: adopted and current / 3: edition watch recorded and acted on
2 A line officer owns the program; the team produced four quarterly updates and an annual appraisal; the indicators (risk assessment completion, safety officer coverage, card completion, instructor currency, prerequisite checks, prop inspection currency, rehab compliance, stop calls, injuries per 1,000 participant-hours, low-air alarms, heat illness) have baselines S2 K2 D+I CC 8B.6 1: owner named only / 2: updates and indicators on file / 3: the appraisal changed the plan or the budget
B. Risk assessment and the training safety officer
3 The safety officer trigger list is adopted and covers live fire, acquired structures, roofs, rope and heights, water and ice, confined space and trench, driver training, power tools, flashover simulators and large groups S1 K2 D 8A.3 1: live fire only / 2: full list adopted / 3: list reviewed after a training event
4 Every practical evolution in a sampled month had a written risk assessment before it started, reviewed with the crew. Look for: Part A of the form S1 C3 L D+O 11A.3 1: some / 2: all sampled / 3: observed review at the start of an evolution
5 Standing assessments for recurring drills were reviewed within 12 months and carry a “today” check S2 K2 D 11A.3 1: undated / 2: reviewed / 3: review changed a control
6 Every high-hazard evolution in the sample had a training safety officer named by role on the roster S1 C3 D 8A.3 1: live fire only / 2: every trigger covered / 3: coverage reported quarterly at 100 percent
7 The safety officer had no other duty during the evolution and holds the incident safety officer competencies S1 C3 D+O CC 8C.2 1: safety officer also instructed / 2: sole duty in records / 3: observed watching people and conditions, not the drill
8 Every high-hazard evolution opened with a stop-work briefing: anyone can stop, how to say it, what happens next S1 K2 O CC 11A.5 1: not given / 2: given / 3: participants interviewed repeat it
C. Instructor qualification
9 The instructor register lists qualification, expiry, fit test, medical status and authorized evolutions for every instructor, adjunct and visiting instructors included S1 K2 D CC 8C.2 1: partial list / 2: complete / 3: checked before every live fire day
10 Everyone who instructed at a burn in the last 24 months held the live fire instructor qualification, and every instructor-in-charge held that qualification S1 C3 D CC 8C.2 1: experience relied on / 2: all qualified / 3: a second qualified instructor-in-charge available
11 Instructors completed annual recurrency: fire behaviour and flashover recognition, the current standard, the emergency plan, the year’s injuries and stop calls, the drift list S2 K2 D+I CC 8C.8 1: none / 2: delivered / 3: instructors name a change it caused
12 Instructors are evaluated annually and observed in high-hazard training by a senior instructor S2 S1 D CC 8C.2 1: none / 2: evaluations on file / 3: evaluation led to recorded development
D. Participants
13 Every live fire roster shows the Firefighter I prerequisites, fit test date and medical status (yes or no), verified against records on the day S1 C3 L D+O 8B.1 1: assumed / 2: on every roster / 3: the check observed on the day
14 Participants in other high-hazard evolutions met the prerequisites named in the risk assessment S1 K2 D 8B.1 1: not stated / 2: stated and met / 3: a participant held back until ready
15 Self-removals are recorded only as “self-removed”, and members interviewed say leaving an evolution carries no consequence S1 K2 D+I - 1: reasons demanded / 2: recorded correctly / 3: a majority of members interviewed confirm it
E. Live fire evolutions
16 A written pre-burn plan with every element, signed by the safety officer, exists for every burn in the last 24 months. Look for: Part C of the form S1 C3 D 8A.3 1: some / 2: all / 3: changes after signature went back to the safety officer
17 The go/no-go card was read aloud and signed by the instructor-in-charge and the safety officer before every ignition, with no line marked no S1 C3 D+O 8A.3 1: card not used / 2: signed for all burns / 3: observed read aloud; a no-go on record
18 Every participant and instructor walked through before ignition S1 C3 D+O - 1: instructors only / 2: roster shows all / 3: observed, with the “what would make you stop?” question
19 Fuel was Class A listed material only, in the planned quantity and place; no flammable liquids, pressure-treated wood, tires, plastics, foam, mattresses or synthetic furnishings S1 C3 D+O - 1: no fuel list / 2: list and plan followed / 3: fuel checked by the safety officer before ignition, observed
20 One fire at a time in acquired structures; none in an egress route or below participants; only the ignition officer lit fires S1 C3 D+O - 1: not recorded / 2: recorded for every evolution / 3: observed
21 No more than five participants per instructor on interior evolutions, recorded for each evolution S1 C3 D - 1: not recorded / 2: recorded and met / 3: ratio recounted between evolutions
22 A rapid intervention crew on air and a backup line charged, flowed and staffed by an instructor were in place for every interior evolution, with EMS on site S1 C3 D+O - 1: crew doubled as next crew / 2: in place every time / 3: observed, rapid intervention crew given no training task
23 Accountability matched operations: tags at entry control, a personnel accountability report before and after each evolution, the evacuation signal demonstrated S1 C3 D+O 11A.12 1: informal / 2: recorded / 3: observed
24 Between evolutions every participant and instructor passed rehab, the structure was reinspected and cool-down recorded S1 C3 D - 1: not recorded / 2: recorded / 3: a member held out on symptoms
25 A debrief was held with every participant, and Part E records injuries, near misses, stop calls, self-removals and low-air alarms S1 K2 D 11A.6 1: no record / 2: Part E complete / 3: debrief answers changed the next plan
26 Preliminary exposure reduction and exposure reports were completed for every participant and instructor after every burn, and instructors’ repeated exposures are tracked S1 K2 D 11A.9 1: none / 2: for all / 3: instructor rotation set from the exposure data
27 Training PPE and SCBA were in service condition and nobody used retired gear S1 C3 L D+O 6F.4 1: retired gear in use / 2: records show compliance / 3: observed gear check in pairs
F. Acquired structures
28 The acquisition checklist is complete for every acquired structure: written owner permission, insurance, asbestos survey and licensed abatement, utilities disconnected in writing, hazardous materials removed, permits and notices, structural soundness, extra egress, demolition plan S1 C3 L D CC 8C.1 1: partial / 2: complete / 3: complete with clearance documents attached
29 Someone other than the instructor-in-charge checked the structure’s preparation before the first burn S2 K2 D - 1: none / 2: check recorded / 3: the check found and fixed a hazard
G. Props, towers and burn buildings
30 A facility inventory and schedule cover pre-use, monthly, annual and after-event inspections S1 K2 D 8C.6 1: no inventory / 2: inventory and schedule / 3: schedule met all year
31 Pre-use checks are logged for every use in a sampled month, and one was observed S1 C3 L D+O 8C.5 1: occasional / 2: every use / 3: observed check matched the SWP
32 The burn building and tower had an annual inspection by a competent person or engineer; anchors are certified; thermocouples are calibrated S1 C3 L D 8C.5 1: overdue / 2: current / 3: findings closed before the next burn season
33 Gas-fired props have a current licensed gas fitter certificate, and a leak check and emergency stop test before each use S1 C3 L D+O 8C.5 1: no certificate / 2: certificate and log / 3: observed test
34 Tagged items were not used, and returns to service carry the competent person’s and the program manager’s signatures S1 C3 D+O 8C.5 1: no tag-out / 2: tag log complete / 3: no tagged item found in use
35 Fall protection on towers, roofs and props above the trigger height is in place and used in training S1 C3 L O - 1: absent / 2: present / 3: observed in use
H. Driver training grounds
36 Driver training runs on a closed course with public access controlled, run-off zones, an instructor in the cab and spotters for backing, and the course is walked before each session S1 K2 D+O CC 8C.1 1: public roads only / 2: closed course used / 3: observed session met every element
I. Heat, hydration and rehab
37 Each risk assessment sets weather limits and records readings; sessions were changed or ended on weather on hot and cold days S1 C3 D - 1: no limits / 2: limits and readings / 3: a session ended on weather, on record
38 A rehab lead and rehab log exist for every high-exertion session, and members with symptoms did not re-enter S1 C3 D+O - 1: rehab for live fire only / 2: every session / 3: observed
J. Injuries, near misses and drift
39 The training injury and near-miss log is complete; every event was reported before the end of the session, triaged and reviewed with the instructors within 30 days S1 K2 D 11A.7 1: injuries only / 2: complete and reviewed / 3: review findings closed
40 The team reviews trends each quarter, and the findings changed a standing assessment, the card or recurrency S2 K2 D+I 11A.6 1: no review / 2: quarterly / 3: a dated change traced to the review
41 The drift list (“which of these are normal here?”) is worked through at recurrency and each quarter, and the answers are recorded and acted on S2 K2 D+I - 1: not used / 2: used / 3: instructors name a drift point the department stopped
42 Statutory reports for training injuries were made on time S1 C3 L D - 1: late or missing / 2: on time / 3: on time with the committee notified
K. Records
43 Plans, cards, rosters and logs are kept for the program’s period (seven years for live fire by default) and retrieved during the audit S1 K2 D 8B.5 1: scattered / 2: complete / 3: retrieved in minutes
44 Training equipment is maintained and inventoried: training hose tested as line hose, training SCBA under the respiratory program S2 S1 D 8C.5, 8C.6 1: no inventory / 2: inventory and tests / 3: deficiencies closed
L. Psychological safety and the loop
45 Psychological safety. Stop calls and self-removals are counted and every one answered within five working days; participants and instructors interviewed describe stopping or slowing an evolution and what followed; no reprisal case S1 K2 D+I 11A.6 1: no count / 2: counted and answered / 3: a majority interviewed describe a stop and its outcome
46 Accountability and closed feedback loop. The program’s loop table names the owner, doers, verifiers, the feedback path and the closure rule with escalation, and the loop test holds when walked through with a real event S1 K2 D+I CC 8B.6 1: table present, roles blank / 2: complete, owner explains it / 3: a real report traced to verified closure, reply and change notice on time

Loop test. Pick a training defect reported in the last year, such as a tower guardrail that moved under load. Trace it: the floor tagged out that day and the defect logged as a P1 the same day, with the fire chief and JOHSC co-chairs told within 24 hours; facilities as owner with a plan inside two working days; a reply to the reporter within five working days; every guardrail on the structure checked; the repair load-checked and the item closed inside seven days, or inside the one extension to 30 days the fire chief may grant while the floor stays tagged out; a guardrail item added to the annual inspection; a change notice to every instructor; closure verified and reported to the JOHSC at its next meeting.

5. Effectiveness questions

Answer from observation or interview only; record the evidence.

  1. Watch a live fire or high-hazard evolution from briefing to debrief: was the card read aloud and signed, did everyone walk through, did the safety officer do nothing but safety, and was the ratio held?
  2. Ask two instructors: “Tell me about the last evolution you stopped, slowed or changed because something did not match the plan. What happened next?”
  3. Ask three participants, one of them a volunteer: “If you were struggling in there, what would you do, and what would happen to you?” and “Have you raised a concern about training, and did you hear back?” Record whether each names a person and a response.

6. Interview and observation prompts

  1. (Instructor-in-charge) Walk me through your last burn day from arrival to teardown.
  2. (Safety officer) What did you watch, and what would have made you stop it?
  3. (Instructor) Who decides the fuel load, and what is on the list?
  4. (Recruit) What did the walk-through show you, and where was the backup line?
  5. (Training officer) Show me the instructor register and the last adjunct you added.
  6. (Lead instructor) Show me today’s risk assessment and the pre-use check for this prop.
  7. (Facilities) Show me the burn building’s last inspection and the gas fitter’s certificate.
  8. (Rehab lead) Who was held out last session, and why?
  9. (Observe) The go/no-go card being read and signed.
  10. (Observe) A pre-use prop inspection.
  11. (Everyone) Which of the drift points are normal here?
  12. (Everyone) What one thing about training safety would you fix first?

7. Section scores

Section Items Sum wt x 3 Sum wt x score Section % Lowest item Notes
A. Program governance 1 to 2
B. Risk assessment and the training safety officer 3 to 8
C. Instructor qualification 9 to 12
D. Participants 13 to 15
E. Live fire evolutions 16 to 27
F. Acquired structures 28 to 29
G. Props, towers and burn buildings 30 to 35
H. Driver training grounds 36
I. Heat, hydration and rehab 37 to 38
J. Injuries, near misses and drift 39 to 42
K. Records 43 to 44
L. Psychological safety and the loop 45 to 46

Report by section, never as one number. Findings go to the Corrective Action Register; the program manager owns them until verified closed.

Jurisdiction requirements

This chapter relies on the following legal requirements, which differ by province and territory. Check your jurisdiction’s section on each topic page before adopting it.

Topic What to check in your jurisdiction Page
Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors The employer’s general duty to take every reasonable precaution in training, and whether instructors and officers in charge of an evolution carry supervisor duties (items 1, 4, 7) J02 Duties of Employers, Supervisors, Workers and Contractors
Written Procedures and Committee Consultation When written work procedures are required for training evolutions, what makes them adequate, and whether the committee must be consulted on them (items 1, 4) J06 Written Procedures and Committee Consultation
Incident Reporting and Investigation Which training injuries and dangerous occurrences must be reported to the regulator and how quickly, and the duty to investigate them (items 39, 42) J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation
Records Retention How long training, injury and other regulated records must be kept, against the program’s default of seven years for live fire (item 43) J09 Records Retention
Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations Whether a fire-service rule, such as a buddy, two-in/two-out or rapid intervention rule for interior work in SCBA, applies in training as on the fireground (items 13, 22, 23) J12 Fire Service OHS Rules and Fireground Operations
Firefighter PPE and Protective Equipment Which protective ensemble, SCBA and PASS standards the law requires, which apply to training gear as to operational gear (item 27) J13 Firefighter PPE and Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection, Fit Testing and Breathing Air How often and by what method instructors and participants must be fit tested before wearing SCBA in training (items 9, 13) J14 Respiratory Protection, Fit Testing and Breathing Air
Equipment Inspection, Ladders and Aerial Devices Whether training equipment, props and towers must be inspected before each use and by a competent person at a set interval, and how long the records must be kept (items 30 to 34, 44) J15 Equipment Inspection, Ladders and Aerial Devices
Fall Protection and Rope Access The height at which fall protection is required on towers, roofs and props, and whether any emergency services relief applies to training (item 35) J16 Fall Protection and Rope Access
WHMIS, Hazardous Materials and Asbestos Whether an asbestos survey and licensed abatement are required before training in an acquired structure, and how hazardous materials must be removed first (items 16, 28) J21 WHMIS, Hazardous Materials and Asbestos
Wildland and Interface Fire The burning season, burn permit and restriction rules that apply to live fire training in acquired structures and outdoors (items 16, 28) J35 Wildland and Interface Fire

References

Center for Public Safety Excellence [CPSE]. (2019). Fire and emergency service self-assessment manual (10th ed.). Commission on Fire Accreditation International. https://cpse.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/10th-Edition-FESSAM-Strikethrough-Underline-v.4.pdf

CSA Group. (2018). CAN/CSA-Z1001-18 (R2022), Occupational health and safety training. https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CAN-CSA-Z1001-18/

Dekker, S. (2016). Just culture: Restoring trust and accountability in your organization (3rd ed.). CRC Press.

Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. doi:10.2307/2666999

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1010, Standard on professional qualifications for firefighters (consolidates NFPA 1001, 1002, 1003 and 1005). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1010-standard-development/1010

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1403, Standard on live fire training evolutions (last standalone edition; now part of NFPA 1400). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1403-standard-development/1403

National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1550, Standard for emergency responder health and safety (consolidates NFPA 1500, 1521 and 1561). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1550-standard-development/1550

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). NFPA 1020, Standard for fire and emergency services instructor, fire officer, and EMS officer professional qualifications (consolidates NFPA 1021 and 1041). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1020-standard-development/1020

National Fire Protection Association. (2025). NFPA 1580, Standard for emergency responder occupational health and wellness (consolidates NFPA 1581, 1582, 1583 and 1584). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1580-standard-development/1580

National Fire Protection Association. (2026). NFPA 1400, Standard on fire service training (consolidates NFPA 1402, 1403, 1404, 1407, 1408, 1410 and 1451). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1400-standard-development/1400

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH]. (2008). Career fire fighter dies and other fire fighters are injured during a live fire training evolution in an acquired structure (Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report F2007-09). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/

Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. University of Chicago Press.

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