Checklist
Checklist - Apparatus, Driving and Roadway
Document FSSMS-AUD-P09All stagesRevision 4Version 0.3.3
Topic pages open on your jurisdiction, and requirements tables show its line. You can change this on any page.
This program checklist audits Apparatus, Driving and Roadway Operations Program (FSSMS-PRG-09), Policy - Apparatus and Driving (FSSMS-POL-12) and their procedures: specification and acceptance; inspection and out-of-service authority; maintenance, annual testing and the fleet agreement; replacement and reserve; driver authorization and training; response mode, intersections, occupant safety and backing; personal vehicle response; vehicle data and just culture; roadway scenes; collision reporting and learning; psychological safety and the accountability loop. The question in every item is whether members get to the call, work on the road and come home without a collision, a rollover, a backing strike or a strike by traffic, and whether the department can show it.
It is the program team’s instrument for the annual appraisal and for spot-audits. In the annual internal audit its items deepen category 12 (12.8 roadway operations and driving), category 18 (18.2 the apparatus inspection and test regime) and category 5 (5.7 driver and operator qualification) in 02 Audit Checklist Master Index. The audit plan states once whether these items are scored on the spare row 21 of the roll-up worksheet or inside categories 12 and 18 in place of their overlapping items, so no item is counted twice. It leaves to other categories: incident command and accountability (Checklist - Emergency Operations Safety), SCBA and PPE carried on apparatus (categories 7 and 8), cab decontamination (category 9) and the fatigue policy (category 10).
The CFAI column crosswalks each item to the 10th edition performance indicator where one applies (CPSE, 2019); core competencies are marked CC.
| Source | What it requires | Items |
|---|---|---|
| Applicable OHS statute and regulations: written procedures; equipment inspection before use and at set intervals; any named standards for ground ladders and aerial devices and any equipment apparatus must carry, such as hand lights; shop safeguards such as tire inflation cages; injury reporting and record retention (J06 Written Procedures and Committee Consultation; J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation; J09 Records Retention; J15 Equipment Inspection, Ladders and Aerial Devices; J19 Lockout, Machine Guarding and Electrical Safety) | The program and its records | 1, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 45 |
| Applicable traffic statute and road rules: emergency vehicle exemptions and their conditions, including due regard; move-over and following distance; seat belts; licence classes and air brake endorsements; any courtesy light for personal vehicles (J30 Emergency Vehicles, Drivers and Licensing) | Response rules and driver authorization | 20, 21, 27 to 30, 33 |
| Rules for temporary workplaces on highways and how far they apply at emergency scenes; high-visibility apparel (CSA Z96:22) (J31 Roadway Incident Scenes) | Blocking, apparel and a written roadway procedure | 38 to 41 |
| NFPA 1900 (2024): new apparatus design, seating and restraint, data recorders, electric and hybrid drive | Specification and acceptance | 4 to 6 |
| NFPA 1910 (2024): in-service inspection, maintenance, testing, out-of-service criteria, technician qualification | Checks, tests, technicians, records | 7 to 12, 14 to 17 |
| NFPA 1930 (2024): ground ladder and fire hose service testing | Ladder and hose tests by ID | 13 |
| NFPA 1550 (2024): apparatus and drivers (ch. 8), traffic incident management (ch. 11), the annual fleet evaluation (ch. 4) | Program content | 7, 18, 22, 27 to 31, 38 |
| NFPA 1010 (2024, ch. 11) and NFPA 1091 (2024) | Driver/operator and traffic incident management competencies | 22 to 25 |
| CSA Z1005 (CSA Z1005:21) and CSA Z1001 (CSA Z1001-18) | Investigation of collisions; managed driver training | 22, 43, 44 |
| CFAI categories 6, 8 and 11A (CPSE, 2019, criteria 6C.1 to 6C.3, 6D.1 to 6D.5, 6E.1, 6E.3, 6E.4, 6F.1, 8A.3, 8A.4, 8B.1, 8B.3, 8B.5, 11A.2, 11A.3, 11A.6 to 11A.8) | Fleet planning, maintenance and safety practice | As marked |
| Psychological safety (Edmondson, 1999)DOI; just culture (Dekker, 2016); drift (Vaughan, 1996) | Speaking up, the learning firewall, “what did we get away with?” | 32, 35, 36, 46 |
- Score D, I and E for each item 0 to 3, then derive the item score (01 Audit Program section 5).
- Both-required evidence codes (D+I, D+O, O+I) need each type before I can exceed 1.
- Weights C3, K2, S1; L items must score at least 2 or the checklist fails its legislated floor.
- Score = sum(weight x item score) / sum(weight x 3). The effectiveness index uses E.
- Record a finding, owner and due date for every item below 3. Each finding takes a priority on the department’s one scale: a major nonconformity is P1 (Imminent) or P2 (Serious) by risk, a minor nonconformity P3 (Moderate), an opportunity for improvement P4 (Improvement). Every finding goes to the Corrective Action Register within five working days with the interim control, plan and closure dates its priority sets.
| # | Item | Stage | Wt | Evid | CFAI | Scoring anchors (1 / 2 / 3) | D | I | E | Score | Finding | Owner | Due |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Program governance | |||||||||||||
| 1 | The policy is signed and consulted with the JOHSC, the program is written, and both were reviewed on schedule. Look for: signatures, consultation record, revision log | S1 | K2 L | D | 11A.2 | 1: drafts only / 2: signed, consulted, current / 3: reviewed on schedule and members interviewed can find both | |||||||
| 2 | A line officer owns the program; the team is chartered and produced four quarterly updates and an annual appraisal. Look for: charter, updates, appraisal | S2 | K2 | D | - | 1: owner named only / 2: updates on file / 3: appraisal led to a funded change | |||||||
| 3 | The program’s indicators are collected against a baseline: authorization currency, check completion, test currency, belt compliance, mode adherence, harsh events, blocking, TIM currency, speak-up rate, collisions | S2 | K2 | D+I | - | 1: some collected / 2: all collected with baseline / 3: reviewed at management review and a target changed practice | |||||||
| B. Specification and acceptance | |||||||||||||
| 4 | Specifications for new apparatus cite the current design standard and the standards list, were written with driver input, and were consulted with the JOHSC. Look for: last specification and its consultation record | S1 | K2 | D+I | 6C.3 | 1: vendor template / 2: current standard, driver input recorded / 3: JOHSC comments changed the specification | |||||||
| 5 | Specifications include a belted seat and SCBA bracket at every position, a data recorder, seat-belt monitoring, camera, conspicuity, scene-mode lighting, cab noise control and clean-cab features; seat-belt monitoring is the department’s own requirement, stated in the specification whether or not the current design standard requires a warning system (NFPA 1900, 2024) | S2 | S1 | D | CC 6C.1 | 1: some features / 2: all features specified / 3: all present on the last unit accepted | |||||||
| 6 | No new unit carried a crew before its acceptance test (weights against axle ratings, brakes, road test, certifications) was signed | S1 | K2 | D | CC 6D.1 | 1: delivery inspection only / 2: acceptance record signed / 3: a defect found at acceptance was corrected before service | |||||||
| C. Inspection and out-of-service | |||||||||||||
| 7 | Daily (career) and weekly and after-use (volunteer) checks are recorded for every unit; sample 90 days for two units. Look for: Form - Apparatus Daily and Weekly Check Sheet; a check observed at shift change | S1 | C3 L | D+O | CC 6D.5 | 1: sheets exist, gaps common / 2: 90 percent complete / 3: 98 percent complete and the observed check matched the sheet | |||||||
| 8 | Out-of-service criteria are posted; every defect line led to a decision; a unit taken out of service in the last year was returned only by a technician | S1 | C3 L | D+I | CC 6D.1 | 1: criteria not posted / 2: decisions recorded / 3: drivers interviewed state the rule and a real example | |||||||
| 9 | Station officers review the sheets and the vehicle data summary monthly | S2 | K2 | D | 6E.4 | 1: occasional / 2: monthly entries / 3: the review found and followed up a missed defect | |||||||
| 10 | Every defect reaches the register and the reporter hears back within five working days; sample five defects | S1 | K2 | D+I | 11A.2 | 1: work orders only / 2: register entries / 3: reporters interviewed confirm a reply | |||||||
| D. Maintenance, testing and the fleet agreement | |||||||||||||
| 11 | Every pumper has an annual pump service test inside 12 months with results within limits | S1 | K2 | D | CC 6D.1 | 1: some units / 2: all units / 3: a failed test led to repair and retest on record | |||||||
| 12 | Every aerial has an annual inspection and test, non-destructive testing on the five-year cycle and after any overload, by a qualified third party | S1 | C3 L | D | CC 6D.1 | 1: annual only / 2: annual and NDT current / 3: overload events traced to a retest | |||||||
| 13 | Every ground ladder has an annual service test by serial number, and every hose an annual test by hose number | S1 | C3 L | D | CC 6E.3 | 1: tested in batches without IDs / 2: by ID, all current / 3: failed items removed and destroyed on record | |||||||
| 14 | Maintenance is done by qualified emergency vehicle technicians on the manufacturer’s schedule; qualifications on file | S1 | K2 | D | CC 6D.1, 6D.3 | 1: general fleet shop / 2: qualifications on file / 3: schedule adherence reported quarterly | |||||||
| 15 | Tire age, tread and damage rules are applied with date codes logged; torque is recorded after wheel service; split-rim wheels are inflated only in a cage | S1 | C3 L | D+O | CC 6D.1 | 1: tread only / 2: age rule and torque records / 3: cage observed in use; no tire past the age limit found | |||||||
| 16 | A signed fleet agreement sets the standard, schedule, technician qualification, out-of-service authority, safety-defect turnaround, reserve or loaner and records; turnaround is reported quarterly | S1 | K2 | D | 6D.4 | 1: purchase orders only / 2: agreement signed / 3: turnaround data reviewed and acted on | |||||||
| 17 | Vehicle records are kept for the life of the vehicle, and never for less than the applicable retention rule (J09 Records Retention), and can be retrieved by unit | S1 | S1 | D | 6E.4 | 1: scattered / 2: complete file per unit / 3: retrieved in minutes during the audit | |||||||
| E. Replacement and reserve | |||||||||||||
| 18 | A written replacement plan applies the design standard’s front-line and reserve guidance and each unit’s condition, updated by the annual fleet evaluation and carried in the five-year budget worksheet | S2 | K2 | D | 6C.2 | 1: age list / 2: plan with condition data / 3: plan funded on schedule | |||||||
| 19 | The reserve fleet or a documented contingency covers a unit out of service, and no member rides in an exterior or unbelted position on any unit | S1 | C3 | D+O | 6D.4 | 1: no contingency / 2: contingency written / 3: observed reserve unit has a belted seat for every rider in use | |||||||
| F. Driver authorization and training | |||||||||||||
| 20 | Every member who drove in a sampled month appears on the posted authorization list for that apparatus type, with licence class and endorsements verified. Look for: Form - Driver Qualification and Training Record | S1 | C3 L | D+I | 8A.3 | 1: list exists / 2: every sampled driver on it / 3: officers interviewed check it before assigning | |||||||
| 21 | Licences and abstracts are rechecked every year; a suspension or downgrade was acted on before the next shift | S1 | K2 L | D | 8A.3 | 1: at hire only / 2: annual checks / 3: a disclosure handled as the policy says | |||||||
| 22 | Every driver completed classroom, closed course, the minimum supervised hours and a road evaluation by a trained evaluator before driving in response | S1 | C3 | D | 8B.1, CC 8B.3 | 1: ride-alongs only / 2: all elements recorded / 3: evaluators calibrated; a member held back until ready | |||||||
| 23 | Drivers are re-evaluated within 24 months and after every collision or at-fault near miss | S1 | K2 | D | CC 8B.3 | 1: no cycle / 2: cycle met / 3: post-collision re-evaluations on record without penalty | |||||||
| 24 | Pump, aerial and tender operators meet the professional qualification by certification or documented evaluation; tender drivers completed rollover awareness | S1 | K2 | D | 8A.4 | 1: experience only / 2: qualification on file / 3: annual aerial re-evaluation current | |||||||
| 25 | Every operational member holds traffic incident management training within three years | S2 | K2 | D | 8A.4 | 1: under 50 percent / 2: over 90 percent / 3: 100 percent, volunteers included | |||||||
| 26 | Driver medical fitness is held as an outcome only; no diagnosis is in department files | S1 | K2 | D+I | - | 1: medical notes in files / 2: outcomes only / 3: the training division describes the route without health details | |||||||
| G. On the road | |||||||||||||
| 27 | The response mode matrix is approved, consulted with the JOHSC and applied by dispatch; adherence on 20 sampled dispatches is at least 95 percent | S1 | C3 | D+I | 11A.8 | 1: matrix on paper / 2: dispatch applies it / 3: adherence measured and rising | |||||||
| 28 | Drivers state the speed caps, the due regard condition and the rule of lights and siren together or neither | S1 | C3 | I | 11A.8 | 1: few can / 2: majority can / 3: all interviewed can and give an example of downgrading | |||||||
| 29 | The intersection procedure (full stop at a red light or stop sign, lane by lane, officer calls lanes clear) is practised; intersection data events are reviewed | S1 | C3 | O+I | 11A.8 | 1: taught only / 2: observed on a response or drill / 3: data review led to coaching and a change | |||||||
| 30 | Every rider is belted whenever the unit moves; seat-belt data or observation shows full compliance; the officer calls “all belted” | S1 | C3 L | D+O | 11A.8 | 1: no measure / 2: measured, gaps / 3: 100 percent in data and observation | |||||||
| 31 | Backing uses a spotter visible in the mirror; backing contacts are logged and reviewed | S1 | C3 | D+O | 11A.3 | 1: camera relied on / 2: spotter observed / 3: contacts trending down after reviews | |||||||
| 32 | Members can decline to drive when fatigued or unwell without consequence, and drivers do not use phones or terminals while moving | S2 | K2 | O+I | - | 1: not known / 2: members state the rule / 3: a member describes declining and being thanked | |||||||
| H. Personal vehicle response | |||||||||||||
| 33 | Every member who responds from home or work signed the personal vehicle acknowledgement this year, and the rules reflect the current traffic law, including any courtesy light provision (J30 Emergency Vehicles, Drivers and Licensing) | S1 | K2 | D+I | 8A.3 | 1: memo only / 2: signed acknowledgements / 3: members interviewed state the rules and the following distance | |||||||
| 34 | Insurance notices are on file and personal vehicle collisions on response are tracked as program events | S1 | S1 | D | - | 1: not tracked / 2: tracked / 3: reviewed and shared with volunteers | |||||||
| I. Vehicle data and just culture | |||||||||||||
| 35 | The telematics clause was adopted and explained at every station before go-live; access and retention rules are followed | S2 | K2 | D+I | - | 1: system live without a clause / 2: clause adopted and briefed / 3: access log matches the rules | |||||||
| 36 | Coaching is two-way and never the sole basis for discipline; the conduct threshold is written; a majority of drivers interviewed trust the data use | S2 | K2 | D+I | - | 1: data used for reprimands / 2: firewall written / 3: drivers describe a coaching conversation that started with their view | |||||||
| 37 | Aggregate vehicle data trends go to the JOHSC every quarter | S2 | S1 | D | - | 1: none / 2: quarterly / 3: committee comments acted on | |||||||
| J. Roadway scenes | |||||||||||||
| 38 | The first unit blocks the work area plus one lane before anyone exits; the block position is recorded on sampled roadway incident reports | S1 | C3 L | D+O | 11A.8 | 1: SWP only / 2: recorded on most reports / 3: observed at a scene or closed-road drill | |||||||
| 39 | Every riding position has high-visibility apparel of the class the road needs, and members outside the hot zone wear it | S1 | C3 L | D+O | CC 6F.1 | 1: some units / 2: every position / 3: observed worn at a scene, at night included | |||||||
| 40 | Every front-line unit carries the cones, arrow board and flares the SWP sets, checked weekly | S1 | K2 | D+O | 6E.1 | 1: some units / 2: all units / 3: weekly check lines complete | |||||||
| 41 | Officers state when police are requested, when advance warning is placed, the full closure for extrication on divided highways and the median rule | S1 | K2 | I | 11A.8 | 1: few / 2: majority / 3: all, with a recent example | |||||||
| 42 | Struck-by near misses and vehicles entering the work area are reported and reviewed | S2 | K2 | D | 11A.6 | 1: none reported / 2: reported / 3: reviewed with a change recorded | |||||||
| K. Collisions and learning | |||||||||||||
| 43 | Every collision, backing contact, rollover, struck-by and near miss in the last 24 months has a report and a secured data download. Look for: Form - Vehicle Collision Report | S1 | C3 L | D | 11A.7 | 1: insurance claims only / 2: reports for all / 3: downloads secured for all | |||||||
| 44 | Events are triaged by tier; reviews ask what made the action make sense; findings reached every driver through a change notice; corrective actions closed | S1 | K2 | D+I | 11A.6, 11A.7 | 1: blame-focused reports / 2: tiered reviews / 3: drivers name a change a review produced | |||||||
| 45 | Statutory reports for vehicle-related injuries were made to the regulator within the time the applicable law sets (J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation) | S1 | C3 L | D | - | 1: late or missing / 2: on time / 3: on time with the committee notified | |||||||
| L. Psychological safety and the loop | |||||||||||||
| 46 | Psychological safety. Members say they can call stop from any seat, decline to drive and report a backing contact without reprisal; concerns get a reply within five working days; the speak-up rate is rising or healthy, not zero. Interview members at a career and a volunteer station | S1 | K2 | D+I | 11A.6 | 1: no route known / 2: reply log on time / 3: members describe a concern, the reply and the change | |||||||
| 47 | Accountability and closed feedback loop. The program’s loop table names the owner, doers, verifiers, the feedback path and the closure rule with escalation; the loop test holds when walked through with a real event | S1 | K2 | D+I | 11A.3 | 1: table present, roles blank / 2: table complete, owner explains it / 3: a real defect traced from report to verified closure, reply and change notice on time |
Loop test. Pick a defect a driver reported in the last year, such as a low-air warning that did not sound on a weekly check. Trace it: rated P1 because a brake warning is a critical control, so the unit is out of service the same shift and the fire chief and JOHSC co-chairs are told within 24 hours; register entry with fleet as owner and a plan within two working days; reply to the driver within five working days; the same component checked fleet-wide; the check sheet revised; a change notice to every station; closure verified within seven days and reported to the JOHSC at its next meeting.
Answer from observation or interview only; record the evidence.
- Watch three responses leave a station, or ride along on one: was everyone belted before the wheels turned, did the mode match the matrix, and did the driver stop at the first red light against the apparatus?
- At a roadway incident or a closed-road drill: where was the block, was anyone outside it, and what were they wearing?
- Ask three members, one of them a volunteer who responds from home: “When did you or your crew last say stop, decline to drive or report a backing contact? What happened next, and did you hear back?” Record whether each names a person and a response.
- (Driver) What mode did you respond in on your last call, and why?
- (Driver) Walk me through your last red light in emergency mode.
- (Officer) Show me the authorization list. Who drove last week?
- (Officer) What do you say to a driver after a hard-braking event in the data?
- (Volunteer) How do you get to the station, and what does the law let you do on the way?
- (Fleet) Show me this year’s pump, aerial, ladder and hose certificates and the tire date-code log.
- (Health and safety officer) Show me the last collision review and the change notice it produced.
- (Dispatch) How do you assign the response mode?
- (Observe) A daily check at shift change against the sheet.
- (Observe) A backing manoeuvre into the bay.
- (Everyone) Who would you tell if a driver did something unsafe, and what would happen?
- (Everyone) What one thing about driving or roadway work would you fix first?
| Section | Items | Sum wt x 3 | Sum wt x score | Section % | Lowest item | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Program governance | 1 to 3 | |||||
| B. Specification and acceptance | 4 to 6 | |||||
| C. Inspection and out-of-service | 7 to 10 | |||||
| D. Maintenance, testing and the fleet agreement | 11 to 17 | |||||
| E. Replacement and reserve | 18 to 19 | |||||
| F. Driver authorization and training | 20 to 26 | |||||
| G. On the road | 27 to 32 | |||||
| H. Personal vehicle response | 33 to 34 | |||||
| I. Vehicle data and just culture | 35 to 37 | |||||
| J. Roadway scenes | 38 to 42 | |||||
| K. Collisions and learning | 43 to 45 | |||||
| L. Psychological safety and the loop | 46 to 47 |
Report by section, never as one number. Findings go to the Corrective Action Register with the owner and due date from the table; the program manager owns them until verified closed.
This chapter relies on the following legal requirements, which differ by province and territory. Check your jurisdiction’s section on each topic page before adopting it.
| Topic | What to check in your jurisdiction | Page |
|---|---|---|
| Written Procedures and Committee Consultation | When written safe work procedures are required for apparatus and roadway work, and whether the committee must be consulted on the policy, the program and its procedures (items 1, 27) | J06 Written Procedures and Committee Consultation |
| Incident Reporting and Investigation | Which vehicle-related deaths, injuries and incidents must be reported to the regulator, how fast and by whom (items 43, 45) | J08 Incident Reporting and Investigation |
| Records Retention | How long the OHS law requires inspection, maintenance, training and injury records to be kept (items 17, 43) | J09 Records Retention |
| Equipment Inspection, Ladders and Aerial Devices | When equipment must be inspected and by whom, any named design or service-testing standards for ground ladders and aerial devices, and any equipment the regulation requires apparatus to carry (items 7, 8, 12, 13) | J15 Equipment Inspection, Ladders and Aerial Devices |
| Lockout, Machine Guarding and Electrical Safety | The shop safeguarding and lockout rules that apply to apparatus maintenance, such as tire inflation cages (items 14, 15) | J19 Lockout, Machine Guarding and Electrical Safety |
| Emergency Vehicles, Drivers and Licensing | The emergency vehicle exemptions and their conditions, seat belt rules, move-over and following-distance duties, licence class and air brake endorsement, and any courtesy light for volunteers’ personal vehicles (items 20, 21, 27 to 30, 33) | J30 Emergency Vehicles, Drivers and Licensing |
| Roadway Incident Scenes | Whether temporary-workplace traffic control rules apply at emergency scenes and when that relief ends, the scene layout manual or guideline, and the required high-visibility apparel standard (items 38 to 41) | J31 Roadway Incident Scenes |
Center for Public Safety Excellence [CPSE]. (2019). Fire and emergency service self-assessment manual (10th ed.). Commission on Fire Accreditation International. https://cpse.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/10th-Edition-FESSAM-Strikethrough-Underline-v.4.pdf
CSA Group. (2018). CAN/CSA-Z1001-18 (R2022), Occupational health and safety training. https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CAN-CSA-Z1001-18/
CSA Group. (2021). CSA Z1005:21 (R2026), Workplace incident investigation. https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z1005:21/
CSA Group. (2022). CSA Z96:22, High-visibility safety apparel (4th ed.). https://www.csagroup.org/store/product/CSA%20Z96:22/
Dekker, S. (2016). Just culture: Restoring trust and accountability in your organization (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. doi:10.2307/2666999
National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1010, Standard on professional qualifications for firefighters (consolidates NFPA 1001, 1002, 1003 and 1005). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1010-standard-development/1010
National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1091, Standard for traffic incident management personnel professional qualifications. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1091-standard-development/1091
National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1550, Standard for emergency responder health and safety (consolidates NFPA 1500, 1521 and 1561). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1550-standard-development/1550
National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1900, Standard for aircraft rescue and firefighting vehicles, automotive fire apparatus, wildland fire apparatus, and automotive ambulances (consolidates NFPA 414, 1901, 1906 and 1917). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1900-standard-development/1900
National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1910, Standard for the inspection, maintenance, refurbishment, testing, and retirement of in-service emergency vehicles and marine firefighting vessels (consolidates NFPA 1071, 1911, 1912 and 1925). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1910-standard-development/1910
National Fire Protection Association. (2024). NFPA 1930, Standard on fire and emergency service use of thermal imagers, two-way portable RF voice communication devices, ground ladders, rescue tools, fire hose, and fire hose appliances (consolidates NFPA 1931, 1932, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1965, among others). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1930-standard-development/1930
Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. University of Chicago Press.